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"Immigration detention of refugee and asylum seeking children in Thailand violates the rights of children under international law. The undocumented migrant children are detained for indefinite and prolonged periods without proper access to legal support. Human Rights Watch Two Years With No Moon: Immigration Detention of Children in Thailand Thailand is key transit route, host and final destination for refugees seeking asylum in southeast Asia and Australia. Hannah Summers "Child refugees held in 'harrowing' conditions across south-east Asia" The Guardian (June 2017). During the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) session in May 2016, various human rights issues including detention of refugee and asylum seeking children were reported. Thailand's Responses to UPR Recommendations & Voluntary Pledges. Currently, there are no effective alternatives to immigration detention and all sectors of population including children are subject to detention. Asia Pacific Refugee Rights Network Advancing the rights of refugees in the Asia Pacific region: Thailand (March, 2017) Overview =Arrest and detention of refugees= According to the UNHCR, the population of refugees in Thailand as of December 2016, was approximately 102,500 refugees of which 56,000 were children, mostly from Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, Sri Lanka and Pakistan. United Nation High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR),Refugees in Thailand (accessed 20 August 2017). Thailand is not a signatory to the 1951 Refugee Convention and does not have a formal asylum framework incorporated in domestic law.Thai Committee for Refugees Foundation Refugee Rights Situation in Thailand: Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review, Second Cycle, 25th Session of the UPR Working Group of the Human Rights Council (April 2016) Instead, it relies on ad hoc policies established through Cabinet Resolutions. Fortify Rights A work in progress: Thailand's compliance with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (March, 2017). Refugees and asylum seekers are treated as illegal migrants and lack of legal framework makes refugees vulnerable to arrest, detention, discrimination, deportation and refoulement. Asia Pacific Refugee Rights Network Advancing the rights of refugees in the Asia Pacific region: Thailand (March, 2017) Exploitation and abuse of refugees and asylum seekers by Thai authorities are common and there is limited access to justice. Migrants who are arrested and unable to pay bribes are likely to be taken to police lock-ups or Immigration Detention Centres (IDCs). The UNHCR has raised concerns about the treatment of the asylum seekers, refugees and migrants and status of IDC facilities. Office of High Commissioner of Human Rights Concluding observations on the second periodic report of Thailand Human Rights Committee (March 2017). The Immigration Act, B.E. 2522 (1979) provides broad discretionary powers to police officers and immigration officials to detain and arrest migrants, including children. The law does not set maximum length of time that a person can remain in immigration detention. Indefinite detention without judicial review amounts to arbitrary detention which is prohibited under international law. Human Rights Watch Thailand: Migrant Children Locked Up The UNHCR has limited role in Thailand and Thai authorities refuse to recognise "asylum Seeker certificates" issued by UNHCR and restricts protection of refugees, including children from arrest or detention by Thai police.Thai Committee for Refugees Foundation Refugee Rights Situation in Thailand: Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review, Second Cycle, 25th Session of the UPR Working Group of the Human Rights Council (April 2016) at 26. Rohingya refugees Over 100,000 refugees are from Myanmar of which 48,000 are children, make up the 90 percent of refugees in Thailand. United Nation High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR),Refugees in Thailand (accessed 20 August 2017). Many are stateless Rohingya Muslim minority who fled systemic persecution and discrimination from the Burmese Government. Asia Pacific Refugee Rights Network Advancing the rights of refugees in the Asia Pacific region: Thailand (March, 2017) at 2. A 2014 report by Human Rights Watch noted Thailand permitted 2,055 Rohingya to enter the country offering temporary protection but later treated them as illegal migrants and detained them in IDC. Human Rights Watch Two Years With No Moon:Immigration Detention of Children in Thailand at 16. The government does not allow the office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees to conduct refugee status determination screenings for ethnic Rohingya from Myanmar. Human Rights Watch World report: Thailand events of 2016. Urban refugees There are 3,801 urban refugees and 4,130 asylum seekers registered with UNHCR in ThailandUNHCR Thailand, pers. comm., 16 February 2017 and 2800 of which are children. United Nation High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR),Refugees in Thailand (accessed 20 August 2017). As they wait for refugee status determination by the UNHCR many are subject to poor treatment from Thai authorities, such as harsh and unlawful treatment by corrupt authorities and detained in IDCs for prolonged period until they could leave for third country resettlement.Thai Committee for Refugees Foundation Refugee Rights Situation in Thailand: Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review, Second Cycle, 25th Session of the UPR Working Group of the Human Rights Council (April 2016) International obligations Thailand became a member of the United Nations on 16 December 1946https://www.un.org/press/en/2006/org1469.doc.htm [United Nations United Nations Member States and is party to a number of key human rights treaties. Thailand is a dualist state therefore international law does not automatically bind the government unless it has been incorporated and transformed into domestic law. Sorayut Chasombat "Treaty-Making Process in Thailand under Article 190 of the Constitution B.E. 2550" (2012) at 3. =Convention on the Rights of the Child= Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) was ratified by Thailand in 1992, which mandates states to take best interests of the child as primary consideration.Convention on the Rights of the Child (adopted on 20 November 1989, entered into force 2 September 1990) Art 3. Article 2(1) provides states to respect and ensure rights of all children and must not be discriminate against based on religion, race, political affiliation or other status. The CRC further obligates states to: *ensure survival and development of children.Convention on the Rights of the Child (adopted on 20 November 1989, entered into force 2 September 1990) Art 6. *prevent separation from parents against their will.Convention on the Rights of the Child (adopted on 20 November 1989, entered into force 2 September 1990) Art 9. *protect from violence, abuse and neglect.Convention on the Rights of the Child (adopted on 20 November 1989, entered into force 2 September 1990) Art 19. *ensure special protection for unaccompanied children.Convention on the Rights of the Child (adopted on 20 November 1989, entered into force 2 September 1990) Art 20. *ensure highest attainable standard of health.Convention on the Rights of the Child (adopted on 20 November 1989, entered into force 2 September 1990) Art 24. *adequate standard of living for physical, mental, spiritual, moral and social development.Convention on the Rights of the Child (adopted on 20 November 1989, entered into force 2 September 1990) Art 27. *recognise child's right to play and recreation.Convention on the Rights of the Child (adopted on 20 November 1989, entered into force 2 September 1990) Art 31. *protect from potential sexual abuse and exploitation.Convention on the Rights of the Child (adopted on 20 November 1989, entered into force 2 September 1990) Art 34. *not be subjected to torture, cruel, degrading treatment and not to be arbitrarily detained.Convention on the Rights of the Child (adopted on 20 November 1989, entered into force 2 September 1990) Art 37(a). *use detention and arrest only as last resort, for shortest period.Convention on the Rights of the Child (adopted on 20 November 1989, entered into force 2 September 1990) Art 37(b). *prompt legal access, assistance and challenge for children deprived of liberty.Convention on the Rights of the Child (adopted on 20 November 1989, entered into force 2 September 1990) Art 37(d). Thailand has a reservation to Article 22, which mandates states to ensure refugee children receive protection and assistance in enjoying their rights and to cooperate with UN organisations to protect and assist reunification of child to the family.Convention on the Rights of the Child (adopted on 20 November 1989, entered into force 2 September 1990) Art 22. =International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights= Thailand ratified International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) in 1996. It mandates states to: *not to subject anyone to torture, cruel, inhumane or degrading treatment. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted on 16 December 1966, entered into force 23 March 1976), art7. *protect against arbitrary arrest or detention. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted on 16 December 1966, entered into force 23 March 1976), art4(1). *enable access to court proceedings to anyone deprived of liberty by arrest or detention. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted on 16 December 1966, entered into force 23 March 1976), art9(4). *provide humane conditions of detention. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted on 16 December 1966, entered into force 23 March 1976), art 10. *protect children as are required by status as a minor, without discrimination to race, colour, sex, language, religion, national or social origin, birth. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted on 16 December 1966, entered into force 23 March 1976), art 24(1). The list of issues by the Human Rights Committee in relation to second periodic report of Thailand concerns various issues on Thailand's treatment of aliens and protection of children under articles 2, 7, 9, 10, 13, 24 and 26 of ICCPR.UN Human Rights Committee List of issues in relation to the second periodic report of Thailand Thailand has responded that it has refrained from deporting the refugees and the period of detention depends on the Refugee Status Determination and resettlement processes conducted by UNHCR. =Convention against Torture= Thailand ratified Convention against Torture (CAT) in 2007, which obligates states to: *not to expel, return ("refouler") or extradite a person to another state where there are substantial grounds that the person would be in danger of being subjected to torture. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (adopted on 10 December 1984,entered 26 June 1987), art 3. *prevent acts of cruel, inhumane or degrading treatment or punishment committed by public official. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (adopted on 10 December 1984,entered 26 June 1987), art 16. = Refugee Convention = Thailand is not a signatory and has not accepted the 1951 Refugee Convention in UPR's Recommendation & Voluntary Pledges (Second Review) in September 2016. Children in detention facilities Stateless refugee children and asylum seeking children whose refugee claim has been rejected may face indefinite periods in detention with little hope of release or repatriation. Asia Pacific Refugee Rights Network Advancing the rights of refugees in the Asia Pacific region: Thailand (March, 2017) =Conditions in detention= The conditions of IDCs in Thailand is widely reported as substandard. Human Rights Watch Two Years With No Moon: Immigration Detention of Children in Thailand Many live in poor hygiene with outdated facilities, without access to adequate health care and legal support. Children are detained in overcrowded cells, frequently separated from family members, without access to education, nutrition and privacy. A 2016 report by the BBC showed that children were suffering from vomiting and diarrhea due to unclean water. "The Christians stranded in Thailand: Entire families flee Pakistan and head to Thailand" Basic services such as education, recreational activities, medical examination and adequate food are only available in Ministry of Social Development and Human Security (MSDHS) shelters however many choose not to be separated from their children by sending them to shelters and consent to keep their children with them in IDCs. Asylum Access "Report on the Implementationof the ICCPR with Regard to the Rights of Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Thailand, Submitted for the Second Periodic Report of Thailand (CCPR/C/THA/2) at the 119th Session of the United Nations Human Rights Committee" (February 2017). Children are often detained without regard to protection required by their status as minors and often separated from their parents with unrelated adults, giving them greater risk of violation and abuse, including sexual abuse. Human Rights Watch Two Years With No Moon: Immigration Detention of Children in Thailand Current initiatives aimed at removing children from IDCs are limited and often discretionary. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs has denied that detention of migrant children was result of the Government's policies but rather the preference of migrant parents themselves to keep family unity and logistical difficulties. Human Rights Watch Thailand: Migrant Children Locked Up The Thai Government has also claimed that it has allocated over US$14.58 million to improve IDCs to enhance living conditions and has an order by the Thailand Immigration Bureau guaranteeing individual's rights to sanitation, food, health and respect for religious belief. Replies of Thailand to the list of issues to second periodic report of Thailand. =Impact= Many children detained in IDCs have spent prolonged periods and some have spent almost their entire life in detention. Alice Farmer "The impact of immigration detention on children" (2013) FMR 44. Children who do not receive basic necessities for their psychological and physical development can suffer from serious impacts of incarceration. Asia Pacific Refugee Rights Network Advancing the rights of refugees in the Asia Pacific region: Thailand (March, 2017) Psychological and physical health Prolonged detention for an indefinite period can cause psychological issues for detainees and this problem is especially grave for children.Allan S Keller et al, "Mental health of detained asylum seekers", (2003) The Lance 362 at 1721. In a joint report submitted for the Second Periodic Report of Thailand at the 119th session of United Nations Human Rights Committee, Asylum Access "Report on the Implementation of the ICCPR with Regard to the Rights of Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Thailand, Submitted for the Second Periodic Report of Thailand (CCPR/C/THA/2) at the 119th Session of the United Nations Human Rights Committee" (February 2017). it noted many detained children suffer from stress, depression, fear and alienation. In 2017, The Guardian reported this environment can create developmental delays and for some children to self-harm. Hannah Summers "Child refugees held in 'harrowing' conditions across south-east Asia" The Guardian (June 2017). Mental health has been identified as a major concern for detainees and there are few opportunities for referral for treatment. Lack of access to education Under Thailand's National Education Act 1999, National Education Act B.E 2542 (1999) all children have the right to primary education regardless of their nationality or legal status. However children detained in IDCs cannot physically access schools to receive such services. According to a 2012 Human Rights Watch report, Thailand's Immigration Office permitted the International Organisation for Migration (IOM) to operate a daycare centre for children under 14 years inside Suan Plu IDC. However it was reported that daycare programme does not offer proper education suitable for their age and as a result many have suffered problems such as insomnia, nightmares, bed-wetting, isolation development, attachment disorder and acts of violence. Human Rights Watch Thailand: Refugee Policies Ad Hoc and Inadequate Possible reform Thailand is still currently establishing national mechanisms under the framework of the Comprehensive Strategy on Addressing Illegal Migrants of 2012 to be in line with international standards and practices. Highlights of Thailand’s implementation of recommendations and voluntary pledges under the first cycle of the Universal Periodic Review 2012-2014 (Mid-term update) Thailand has accepted 187 of 249 of UPR's Recommendations & Voluntary Pledges (Second Review) in September 2016 Thailand's Responses to UPR Recommendations & Voluntary Pledges. and has accepted a recommendation to ratify the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture. It has also accepted in implementing Protection of Vulnerable Persons Act; improve access to health, education, social welfare for vulnerable groups including refugee children. However Thailand has not accepted key recommendations affecting migrant and refugee children, such as providing access to legal status for asylum seekers and refugees; withdrawing reservations to article 22 of CRC; ratification of 1951 Refugee Convention; complying with ICCPR by putting immediate end to arbitrary detention; prohibiting arbitrary arrests and detention including children. In 2016, the Bangkok Post noted the decision by Chiang Rai Juvenile and Family Court has marked the first time a child who was recognised as a refugee by UNHCR, was entitled to protections under section 132(1) of Juvenile and Family Court and Juvenile and Family Case Procedure Act B.E. 2553 [2010] Juvenile and Family Court and Juvenile and Family Case Procedure, Act B.E. 2553 [2010]. which provides counselling services, vocational training and access to education. The decision was made having regard to best interests of the child, regardless of child's immigration status. Bangkok Post Milestone' ruling in Chiang Rai protects Somali refugee (2 December 2016) UNHCR has advocated for a screening mechanism for undocumented immigrants and refugee children United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Global Strategy: Beyond Detention 2014-2019 (2014) at 17. and this has been approved by Thailand’s Cabinet. The framework will assist with identification and protection of refugees. UNHCR welcomes Thai Cabinet approval of framework for refugee screening mechanism UNHCR (January 2017). See also *Constitution of Thailand *2014 interim constitution of Thailand *Human rights in Thailand *Immigration detention *Burmese in Thailand *Refugee children *Refugee women and children *Save the Children References External links *Asian Human Rights Commission - Thailand *End Immigration Detention of Children *Human Rights Watch *United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Category:Children's rights Category:Human rights abuses in Thailand "
"The proposed Convention on the Rights of Older Persons is likely to be the next major human rights treaty adopted by the United Nations. The proposed treaty will seek to remedy the fragmented human rights structure for Older Persons, and will focus on reaffirming critical human rights which are of concern to the Elderly. The focus of the treaty will be persons over 60 years of age, which is a growing demographic worldwide due to increased population ageing. The treaty follows from the success of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child which has seen near universal acceptance since 1989. Where the UNCRC focuses on the rights of younger persons, the UNCROP will address those who form the older portion of society, who according to United Nations reports, are becoming increasingly vulnerable as a group without applicable normative standards of human rights law. Support for a Convention is becoming increasingly popular, as human rights groups including the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), HelpAge International, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, the International Labour Organization, and many other NGOs and states have expressed support for a universal instrument. The need for a treaty has arisen due to issues surrounding demographic changes from population ageing. This has led to significant interest in how to best ensure the well being of older persons. Among the rights issues faced by older persons are their rights against ageist discrimination, and the rights to participation. The debate surrounding the convention focuses on the implementation and safeguarding of these rights, to set normative standards of human rights for older persons. One substantive issue is the conception of elder abuse as between individuals. Individual relationships generally fall outside of current human rights law, which seeks to present standards of relations between states and individuals. Therefore, it has been suggested that the proposed human rights convention for older persons ought to be drafted as an anti-discrimination convention.Simon Biggs and Irja Haapala, "Elder Mistreatment, Ageism and Human Rights, International Psycho-geriatrics (2013), 25:8, pp. 1299-1306, 1300 However, this would not be consistent with other multilateral human rights conventions such as the ICCPR and ICESCR which set normative standards. Content Presently, no formal draft treaty has been agreed upon by the United Nations General Assembly, though "The Open-Ended Working Group on Ageing for the Purpose of Strengthening the Protection of the Human Rights of Older Persons" (OEWGA) has debated what the substantive content of a treaty may be. In its most recent session, the OEWGA noted agreed that: "it is fundamental to consider older persons as specific right holders and agents of change, and to provide guarantees with respect to the full and effective enjoyment of their human rights and fundamental freedoms, in order to allow for their participation in social, economic, cultural, civil and political life, and to seize their experience and potential for contributing to all areas of development." The fundamental rights affirmed by the proposed treaty would be extensions of those secured by other multilateral treaties, though with a focus on specific issues faced by elderly persons. Background =World Assembly on Ageing= In 1982, the Report of the World Assembly on Ageing (also known as "the International Plan on Ageing") was published, which represented the first international debate on the rights of older persons and presented a plan for their implementation. The Report sets out a number of underlying principles which are applicable to older persons, importantly the participating states reaffirmed "their belief that the fundamental and inalienable rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights apply fully and undiminished to the aging." The report acknowledged several sub-topics especially applicable to the rights of elderly persons, including health and nutrition, housing and environment, the family, social welfare, income and security and employment, and education. The report therefore gave policy recommendations to address these concerns, including to avoid imbalances in age groups in the public sector, and to give effort to fill longer life spans with a sense of purpose and accomplishment. Additionally, producing proactive policies aimed at healthier older populations and financial security for retirement were promoted. The significance of this report for the proposed convention is its use in determining the United Nations approach to ageing and its members states' internal policies. =United Nations Principles for Older Persons= The next move towards a convention for the rights of older persons was the adoption of the United Nations Principles for Older Persons, 1991. The Principles provided that older persons in society ought to have independence, the ability to participate in society, have access to care, be entitled to self-fulfilment and the full dignity of life among other rights. The Principles were adopted in October 1992 due to the adoption of the proclamation on aging in General Assembly Resolution 47/5, which contained the proclamation as an annex and giving some weight to the 1991 Principles. However, the implementation of these Principles received little oversight, as under international law United Nations General Assembly Resolutions are not automatically binding on parties.Blaine Sloan, "United Nations General Assembly Resolutions in our Changing World" (New York 1991) 23 By adopting the Principles, the United Nations brought the rights of older persons to the same moral level as those of other bodies and set some targets towards their implementation, such as the 2001 deadline for meeting global targets on problems for ageing persons. =The Second World Assembly on Ageing= The Second World Assembly saw the adoption of the 2002 Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, which sought to outline a plan for "building a society for all ages." The Plan identified four areas in which states ought to focus to produce a healthier environment for older persons, "individual lifelong development, multigenerational relationships, the interrelationship between population ageing and development, and the situation of older persons." The Plan sought to achieve these aims by promoting the active participation of older persons in society in its member states. The contribution of the Plan towards an International Convention on the Rights of Older Persons can be seen in the placement of older people into the general context of international human rights law, establishing the groundwork for older persons to be seen as a protected group. The plan did not specifically refer to older persons as a specific protected group, implying that it was not meant as a declaration of rights, though it did acknowledge the commitment of member states to upholding the rights of all groups and older persons by extension. The plan was set for review after a 10 year period, in which states and NGOs such as the United Nations Population Fund were tasked with implementing the Plan. The Open-Ended Working Group on Ageing for the Purpose of Strengthening the Protection of the Human Rights of Older Persons In October 2010, the United Nations General Assembly adopted Resolution 65/182 which established the "Open‐Ended Working group on Ageing for the purpose of strengthening the Human Rights of Older Persons" as a follow-up to the Madrid Plan. The OEWGA had a mandate to consider the existing international framework of the human rights of older persons and identify possible gaps and how best to address them. The OEWGA forms the primary forum for debate as to the adoption of a multilateral human rights treaty regarding the rights of older persons, as it focuses on the issues faced by older persons and recognizes gaps in the existing human rights framework. The OEWGA has had 8 sessions as of September 2017, and each of these sessions has aimed to clarify issues surrounding older persons rights and provide assistance to members in their obligations under the Madrid Plan. Before each session the OEWGA takes submissions from member states on their contributions towards older persons in society. In the first session select member states acknowledged the difficult position of older person's rights under the traditional international framework, due to the lack of a specific convention. Therefore, debate regarding the necessity of an international convention on the rights of older persons has been a feature of the OEWGA since its outset, which can be seen through the submissions of the member states. Debate and criticism OEWGA has primarily focused on ways to improve the existing human rights framework, though NGOs and states such as Argentina have advocated for a human rights convention, stating in their first submission that: ″There is no legally binding instrument to standardize and protect the rights of older persons... The argument is that the universal nature of international instruments should include the elderly. We all know that this does not happen because we live in an imperfect world. If the world were perfect we would not need any convention, and there is no discrimination. This is why the government of Argentina... support[s] the need for a convention to promote, protect and ensure the full enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms, ensuring its implementation through a binding instrument″ [sic] Argentina's submission drew attention to the legislative significance of Human Rights Conventions, and that adopting such a convention for older persons would be in the best interests of the Madrid Plan.name="auto3"> However, multiple states, such as Australia, Denmark and China all noted that domestic policy concerns and demographic differences within their regions allowed for a human rights based approach to the issue, though they disapproved of a multilateral convention. A significant gap in normative standards of older persons rights has been noted by the Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which has stated: "the establishment of a binding international convention on the rights of older persons would create a legal framework that defined their rights." A similar position was taken by Help-age International, which submitted a substantial report on age discrimination, and concluded that a single instrument was needed to amalgamate the principles of older person's rights into one convention. As a result, the notion of a treaty has received some support as it would set normative standards of human rights for older persons, in order to supplement the Madrid Plan, though it was not universally supported. Non- Government organisations such as HelpAge International have repeatedly referenced a need for "universal prohibition of discrimination in old age in a human rights instrument [that] would provide a definitive, universal position that age discrimination is morally and legally unacceptable." The main criticism of a new convention has come from states who have argued that drafting a new convention would be resource intensive, noting that the international human rights framework is already under-resourced. These states argued for a strengthening of existing mechanisms such as the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights as an alternative. This view has been advocated by the United States, which has argued that a new convention would not add anything to the existing protections under international conventions already in existence. However, in the 10 year review of the Madrid Plan on Ageing, according to the United Nations Economic and Social Council: "10 years after its adoption, the Madrid Plan of Action has made only limited headway in national and international development plans." Future of the convention Following the 10 year review of the Madrid Plan, Alan Cordina, chair of the sixth session, stated that: "I am... aware that an increasing number of delegations and a unanimous and clear voice coming from civil society are requesting us to undertake the task of elaborating a convention. Can we continue turning a deaf ear to those calls? Can we ignore that part of our mandate? My response to both questions is no. A clear no, simple and without ambiguities." The result was a call for a draft convention, which would be presented to the UN General Assembly. This was considered necessary due to the constant breaches of older persons rights taking place worldwide in spite of the existing framework. This was followed in the seventh session with a collaboration with the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities to establish some ways in which a multilateral treaty could be established. During the eighth working session, multiple NGOs, and some states came together to discuss the possible text of a draft treaty. See also International human rights International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights United Nations External links * United Nations Open-ended Working Group on Ageing * United Nations for Ageing * HelpAge References Category:1982 establishments Category:United Nations treaties "
"' (Filipino: ; English: "Hymn to Labor") is a poem written by Dr. José Rizal. The poem was requested by his friends from Lipa, Batangas, in January 1888 in reaction to the Becerra Law, and to address the hardships of Lipenos. Dedicated to Lipenos The hymn was a poem praising Lipenos, who were working hard for the country. The poem is composed of conversations by men, women and children in praise of men who making a living in agriculture. The song also states that agriculture is the solution to poverty and the road to progress. References Category:1888 poems "