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"Italian SB-33 Anti-Personnel Mine The SB-33 is a small Italian minimum metal blast type anti-personnel mine formerly manufactured by Misar, that entered service in 1977. The SB-33 can be emplaced by hand or scattered using the helicopter mounted SY-AT system. The body of the mine is made of two glass reinforced polycarbonate halves, with the top surface having a central neoprene pressure pad. The body has an irregular shape to make the mine harder to distinguish on the ground. To arm an SB-33, a small pin is removed from the side of the mine. After the mine has been armed, gradual pressure on the pressure plate (i.e. when the victim steps on it) rotates a locking collar until the striker is released, which flips into a stab-detonator and the mine explodes. However, sudden pressure (e.g. from a mine-clearing charge) causes the striker to lock the rotating collar in position for the duration of the pressure, preventing the mine from detonating. The combination of low metal content and resistance to overpressure make the mine extremely difficult to remove. Another version of the SB-33 called the SB-33AR (AR standing for Anti- Rimozione, "Counter-Removal") exists. It looks identical to the standard SB-33 mine. However, the SB-33AR has an integral anti-handling device specifically designed to injure deminers. The anti-handling device in an SB-33AR consists of a mercury tilt switch and battery connected to the detonator. When an SB-33AR is moved a few degrees from the horizontal (i.e. when a deminer lifts it), it detonates, blowing the victim's hand off. Generally, a small number of SB-33AR landmines would be sown inside a minefield containing standard SB-33 mines in order to hinder and deter any attempt to conduct demining operations. Copies of the mine were produced in several countries and the mine was in service with the Netherlands, Spain, Greece and Argentina. This mine is no longer produced and Italy has destroyed all operational stocks and any associated machinery required for its manufacture. However, uncleared minefields containing SB-33 mines do exist e.g. in Afghanistan, Djibouti, the Falkland Islands, Iran, Iraq, Kurdistan, and the Western Sahara. Specifications * Diameter: 85 mm * Height: 30 mm * Operating pressure: 8 kg * Weight: 140 g * Explosive content: 35 g RDX/HMX (98%/2%) Variants * EM-20, a Greek copy of the mine. * M/412, a Portuguese copy of the mine. * P-5, a Spanish copy of the mine produced under license. It is no longer in service with Spain, and all but 4,000 of the mines have been destroyed. References * Brassey's Essential Guide To Anti-Personnel Landmines, Eddie Banks * Jane's Mines and Mine Clearance 2005-2006 * * Category:Anti- personnel mines Category:Land mines of Italy "
"EPAS (Electronic Protocols Application Software) is a non-commercial cooperation initiative launched in Europe which aims at developing a series of data protocols to be applied in a point of interaction (POI) environment. The project intends to address the three following protocols : *a terminal management protocol; *a retailer application protocol; *an acquirer protocol. The main objectives common to the three protocols are: *protocol interoperability : each protocol is designed in such a way as to be independent of the external device and the POI; *independence of the system architecture and the integration level of the POI within the retailer application protocol; *independence of the communication support and low level protocols : each protocol is independent of the network connection and will address both wire and wireless connections. Context A current barrier to the development of the POI market is due to the existing fragmented market for this type of equipment, especially in Europe, where each country has adopted its own requirements and rules in terms of security and functions to be implemented in POI devices. Today's situation is the following one : *card accepting devices from one country cannot be replaced by similar devices of another country due to different – incompatible - protocols for download, key management, communication with cash registers requiring specific software modules for each country of operation; *card accepting devices from one country cannot process transactions issued by acquirers from another country due to the incompatibility of the protocols between the two countries; *different proprietary implementation of existing ISO protocols in Europe hampers the development of central acquiring activities in Europe. The goal of the EPAS project is therefore the issuance of technical specifications and the development of open software for three major protocols to be used in a Point of Interaction environment. The protocols enable a POI to communicate with external devices and hosts. An additional aim of the project is to validate - through demonstrators - the technical feasibility of the three protocols developed in the framework of the project. The project is to be considered as a cornerstone of another initiative ("ERIDANE") initiated at the European level with several partners belonging to the EPAS Consortium. The aim of the ERIDANE project is to achieve a common set of standards for hardware and software components to be used in point-of-sales retail environments. As such, EPAS complements adequately the work carried out by the ERIDANE project which essentially focuses on the inner structure of a POI terminal used at retailers' point of sales locations. With the development of specifications, the project intends to issue a new generation of open standards to be internationally deployed by equipment manufacturers, with a strong support from the banking and card payment industries as well as retailers, solutions providers and users. The consortium is made of large industrial organisations, small and medium enterprises, card payment organisations, solution providers, retailers and users, as well as an academic institution, all having an in- depth expertise in the activities to be carried out in the framework of the project. The partnership is composed of organisations belonging to Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Spain, Portugal, the United Kingdom and Nordic countries. Objectives of EPAS The outcome of the EPAS initiative will enable to achieve interoperability by : *giving to manufacturers a technological advance vis-à-vis their non-European competitors ; *ensuring the interoperability of protocols at a European level ; *improving the security level of the protocols. One of the objective of the European Commission in contributing to the building of the European Union is the creation of a Single European Market ensuring a free circulation of goods and persons as it is the case today for most national – domestic – markets in Europe. In order to anticipate undue legislation, partners in the consortium have come together to develop and disseminate a set of data protocols which would complement the business standards needed to achieve the necessary Single European Payments Area Standards. The development of standards to create a large internal market of financial services has, however, been largely endorsed, not only by the banking industry, but also by solution providers, manufacturers, retailers and users. The EPAS project foresees the development and provision of the missing links mentioned above in the creation of a unified market of electronic payments services by 2010. The EPAS project intends to bring a major benefit to the POS market by eliminating existing barriers and by allowing applications to be developed and used for both national and international markets reducing to a large extent the investments to be carried out by all actors involved. The EPAS project aims at addressing such technical bottlenecks by delivering state-of-the-art data protocols in order to ensure a smooth process of POS transactions in a forthcoming Europe- wide domestic market. Project Development The proposed initiative will be structured along the three following main phases : *Phase I : development of technical specifications and issuance of standards (2006 - mid-2007) *Phase II : development of software and provision of test tools (2007 – 2008) *Phase III : construction of demonstrators (2008) The EPAS project will be conducted in line with the strategic objectives of the EPC (European Payments Council). Participants The EPAS Consortium is composed of 24 organisations, each of them actively involved in its respective domain of expertise (card payment schemes, manufacturers, service companies, software developers, retailers). The participating organisations are : *Ingenico (FR) *VeriFone (US) *The Logic Group (UK) *Amadis (CA) *ELITT (FR) *MoneyLine (FR) *Lyra Network (FR) *Atos Worldline (DE) *Wincor Nixdorf (ES) *GIE – Groupement des Cartes Bancaires "CB" (FR) (Co-ordinator) *Desjardins (CA) *Atos Worldline (BE) *Security Research and Consulting (SRC) GmbH (DE) *Equens SE (NL) *Sermepa (ES) *Cetrel (LU) *Total (FR) *Quercia (IT) *University of Applied Sciences, Cologne (DE) *Integri (BE) *PAN Nordic Card Association (PNC) (SE) *GALITT (FR) *BP (GB) *RSC Commercial Services (DE) *Europay Austria Zahlungsverkehrssysteme GmbH (AT) *SIBS (PT) *Thales e-Transactions España (ES) Links to the participating companies * Worldline: http://www.worldline.com/ * Amadis: http://www.amadis.ca/ * ELITT: http://www.elitt.com/ * Banksys: http://www.banksys.com/bkscomwt/EN/index.jsp * BP: https://web.archive.org/web/20060623045737/http://www.bp.com/home.do?categoryId=1 * Cetrel: http://www.cetrel.lu/ * Desjardins: http://www.desjardins.com/ca/ * Europay Austria Zahlungsverkehrssysteme GmbH: http://www.europay.at/ * Fachhochschule Köln: http://www.inf.fh-koeln.de/~ktds/profil/ * GALITT: http://www.galitt.com/ * GROUPEMENT DES CARTES BANCAIRES (Co-ordinator) : http://www.cartes-bancaires.com/ * Ingenico: http://www.ingenico.com/ * Integri: http://www.integri.com/ * Equens SE: https://web.archive.org/web/20160924031058/http://www.equens.com/ * Lyra Network: http://www.lyra-network.com/en/en_index.htm * Moneyline: https://web.archive.org/web/20060621211806/http://www.moneyline.fr/fr/ * PAN Nordic Card Association: http://www.pan-nordic.org/ * RSC Commercial Services: http://www.retail-sc.com/ * Sermepa: https://web.archive.org/web/20060702172551/http://www.sermepa.es/espanol/index.htm * SIBS: http://www.sibs.pt/ * SRC: http://www.src-gmbh.de/ * THALES e-Transactions: http://www.thales-e-transactions.com/ * The Logic Group: http://www.the-logic-group.com * Total: http://www.total.com/ * VeriFone: http://www.verifone.com * Wincor Nixdorf: http://www.wincor- nixdorf.com/internet/index.html See also * EFTPOS * Open Payment Initiative * Wire transfer * Electronic funds transfer * ERIDANE External links * Official Web site Sources * “Standardisierungsarbeiten im europäischen Zahlungsverkehr - Chancen für SEPA” SRC - Security Research & Consulting GmbH, Bonn - Wiesbaden, Germany, 2006, p. 5, 11 (PDF- transparencies) * William Vanobberghen, „Le Projet EPAS - Sécurité, protection des personnes et des donnée: de nouvelles technologies et des standards pour fiabiliser le contrôle et l’identification“, Groupement des Cartes Bancaires, 27. June 2006 (PPT-transparencies) * Hans-Rainer Frank, „SEPA aus Sicht eines europäischen Tankstellenbetreibers“, Arbeitskreis ePayment, Brussels, 11.May 2006, p. 11 (PDF-transparencies) * GROUPEMENT DES CARTES BANCAIRES, „EUROPEAN STANDARDISATION FOR ELECTRONIC PAYMENTS“, Used to be at: https://web.archive.org/web/20070927174537/http://www.cartes- bancaires.com/en/dossiers/standard.html (dead link as of Okt 2011) * „EPC�Card Fraud Prevention �& Security Activities“,Cédric Sarazin – Chairman Card Fraud Prevention TF 19. December 2007, FPEG Meeting - Brussels, http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/fpeg/docs/sarazin_en.ppt * "EPAS Members", https://web.archive.org/web/20161220082713/http://nexo-standards.org/members Category:Retail POS systems Category:Payment systems Category:Banking terms "
"Robert de Visée (c. 1655 – 1732/1733) was a lutenist, guitarist, theorbist and viol player at the court of the French kings Louis XIV and Louis XV, as well as a singer and composer for lute, theorbo and guitar. Biography Robert de Visée's place and date of birth are unknown. He probably knew Francesco Corbetta and would have been familiar with his music. claimed that he studied with Corbetta and this information has been repeated uncritically in later sources including Strizich and Ledbetter 2001. It is however unsupported by any documentary evidence . He is first mentioned (by Le Gallois) in 1680, and at about that time became a chamber musician to Louis XIV, in which capacity he often performed at court. In 1709 he was appointed as a singer in the royal chamber, and in 1719 he was named 'Guitar Master of the King' (Maître de Guitare du Roi) to Louis XV, the ten-year-old great-grandson of Louis XIV who succeeded to the throne in 1715. Jean Rousseau reported in a letter of 1688 that Visée was a respected musician at Versailles, and also played the viol . The last payment in his name in state documents is dated 1732. It is to be assumed that he died about that time. Visée published two books of guitar music which contain twelve suites between them, as well as a few separate pieces: Livre de guitare dédié au roi (Paris, 1682) and Livre de pièces pour la guitare (Paris, 1686). He also published a collection of pieces for the theorbo and lute: Pièces de théorbe et de luth (Paris, 1716); these are in staff notation rather than tablature and may also be performed as ensemble pieces. The contents of all three books are tabulated with incipits and concordances in . He composed many other pieces for theorbo and Baroque lute (the bulk of which are preserved in the Saizenay Ms.). Complete index of de Visée's pieces for the guitar: *1682 Livre de Guitarre, dédie au roi: **Suite No. 1 in A Minor: Prélude – Allemande – Courante – Sarabande – Gigue – Passacaille – Gavotte – Gavotte – Bourrée **Suite No. 2 in A Major: Allemande – Courante – Sarabande **Suite No. 3 in D Minor: Prélude – Allemande – Courante – Courante – Sarabande – Sarabande – Gigue – Passacaille – Gavotte – Gavotte – Menuet Rondeau – Menuet Rondeau – Bourrée **Suite No. 4 in G Minor: Prélude – Allemande – Courante – Double de la Courante – Sarabande – Gigue – Menuet – Gavotte **Suite No. 5 in G Major: Sarabande – Sarabande – Gigue **Suite No. 6 in C Minor: Prélude – Tombeau de Mr. Francisque Corbet – Courante – Sarabande – Sarabande en Rondeau – Gavotte **Suite No. 7 in C Major: Prélude – Allemande – Courante – Sarabande – Gigue, a la Maniere Angloise – Gavotte – Menuet **Chaconne (F Major) **Suite No. 8 in G Major: Prélude – (Accord Nouveau) – Allemande – Courante – Sarabande – Gigue – Sarabande – Chaconne – Gavotte – Menuet – Bourrée *1686 Livre de Pieces pour la Guitarre: **Suite No. 9 in D Minor: Prélude – Allemande – Courante – Sarabande – Gigue – Gavotte – Bourrée – Menuet – Passacaille – Menuet **Suite No. 10 in G Minor: Prélude – Allemande – Courante – Sarabande – Gigue – Menuet – Chaconne – Gavotte – Bourrée – Menuet **Sarabande (A Minor) **Gigue (A Minor) **Sarabande (A Major) **Menuet (A Major) **Suite No. 11 in B Minor: Prélude – Allemande – Sarabande – Gigue – Passacaille **Suite No. 12 in E Minor: Sarabande – Menuet – Passacaille **Menuet (C Major) *Manuscript Pieces: **Pieces in A minor ***Prélude ***Allemande ***Villanelle (& Contrepartie) **Pieces in A major ***Prélude ***Rondeau **Pieces in C major ***Courante ***Gigue **Pieces in D minor ***Allemande 'La Royalle' ***Sarabande ***Masquerade ***Gigue ***Gavotte ***Chaconne **Pieces in D major ***Sarabande ***Gavotte ***Chaconne ***Gavotte Rondeau (& Contrepartie) **Pieces in G minor ***Prélude ***Prélude ***Allemande ***Sarabande ***Gavotte ***Gavotte en Rondeau ***Ouverture de la Grotte De Versaille (de Lully) ***Entrée d’Appollon (de Lully) **Pieces in G major ***Allemande ***Courante ***Sarabande ***Gigue ***Gigue ***Musette (Rondeau) Sources * * External links Media:theorbo pieces played by Yair Avidor Category:1650s births Category:1730s deaths Category:17th-century classical composers Category:18th- century classical composers Category:French Baroque composers Category:Composers for lute Category:Composers for the classical guitar Category:French classical musicians Category:French classical guitarists Category:French lutenists Category:French classical composers Category:French male classical composers Category:French male guitarists Category:18th-century French composers Category:18th-century male musicians "