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"The Manifesto for an Independent Socialist Canada was a document drafted by a leftist faction of Canada's New Democratic Party, known as the Waffle, in 1969. When that group briefly left the NDP between 1972 and 1974, it became their party's main programmatic statement. The Manifesto for an Independent Socialist Canada is also known as the Waffle Manifesto. It outlined the Waffle's deep resentment of the "American Empire" and the organization's commitment to furthering the socialist cause in Canada within the template of a successful democracy. The manifesto also included the Waffle movement's feeling toward Quebec sovereignty. The Manifesto helped contribute to a debate on American control of the Canadian economy and particularly the extent of US ownership of Canadian business and resources and the emergence in Canada of a branch plant economy. The Liberal government of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau instituted attempts to assert domestic economic control such as the creation of Petro-Canada, meant to assert Canadian control of the energy sector, and the Foreign Investment Review Agency, intended to review and limit foreign ownership and particularly American takeovers of Canadian companies. These measures were introduced in part due to pressure by the NDP, particularly during the minority government that followed the 1972 election. The NDP, in turn, had urged these measures in part due to pressure by the Waffle within the party. After 1974, when the Waffle's party, Movement for an Independent Socialist Canada, disbanded, the Manifesto for an Independent Socialist Canada became a historical document. The name of the NDP's Socialist Caucus's Manifesto for a Socialist Canada is an echo of the earlier document's influence. References External links *The Waffle Manifesto Category:1969 documents Category:1969 in Canada Category:1969 in Canadian politics Category:1969 in politics Category:Political history of Canada Category:Political manifestos "
"A Zygalski sheet The method of Zygalski sheets was a cryptologic technique used by the Polish Cipher Bureau before and during World War II, and during the war also by British cryptologists at Bletchley Park, to decrypt messages enciphered on German Enigma machines. The Zygalski-sheet apparatus takes its name from Polish Cipher Bureau mathematician–cryptologist Henryk Zygalski, who invented it about October 1938. Method Zygalski's device comprised a set of 26 perforated sheets for each of the, initially, six possible sequences for inserting the three rotors into the Enigma machine's scrambler.On 15 December 1938 the Germans increased the number of rotors from three to five. Only three were still used in the machine at a time, but the number of possible rotor arrangements now jumped from 6 to 60. As a result, 60 sets of perforated sheets would now be needed. Marian Rejewski, "Summary of Our Methods for Reconstructing ENIGMA and Reconstructing Daily Keys...", Appendix C to Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, pp. 242–43. Each sheet related to the starting position of the left (slowest-moving) rotor. The 26 × 26 matrix represented the 676 possible starting positions of the middle and right rotors and was duplicated horizontally and vertically: a–z, a–y. The sheets were punched with holes in the positions that would allow a "female" to occur. Polish mathematician–cryptologist Marian Rejewski writes about how the perforated-sheets device was operated: Like Rejewski's "card-catalog" method, developed using his "cyclometer," the Zygalski-sheet procedure was independent of the number of plugboard plug connections in the Enigma machine.Marian Rejewski, "Summary of Our Methods for Reconstructing ENIGMA and Reconstructing Daily Keys...", Appendix C to Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, p. 243. Manufacture Bletchley Park Museum The Cipher Bureau's manual manufacture of the sheets, which for security reasons was done by the mathematician- cryptologists themselves,Marian Rejewski, "Remarks on Appendix 1 to British Intelligence in the Second World War by F.H. Hinsley," p. 82. using razor blades, was very time-consuming. By 15 December 1938 only a third of the job had been finished. On that date, the Germans introduced rotors IV and V, thus increasing the labor of making the sheets tenfold, since ten times as many sheets were now needed (for the now 60 possible combinations of sequences, in an Enigma machine, of 3 rotors selected from among the now 5). On 25 July 1939, five weeks before the outbreak of World War II, the Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau disclosed to their French and British allies, at Warsaw, their cryptologic achievements in breaking Enigma ciphers.Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, p. 59. Part of the disclosures involved Zygalski's "perforated- sheet" method. The British, at Bletchley Park, near London, England, undertook the production of two complete sets of perforated sheets. The work was done, with the aid of perforators, by a section headed by John R.F. Jeffreys.Ralph Erskine, "The Poles Reveal their Secrets: Alastair Denniston's Account of the July 1939 Meeting at Pyry," Cryptologia 30 (4), December 2006, pp. 294–305.Ralph Erskine, "Breaking Air Force and Army Enigma," in Action this Day, edited by Ralph Erskine and Michael Smith, 2001, p. 53. The sheets were known at Bletchley as Netz (from Netzverfahren, "net method"), though they were later remembered by Gordon Welchman as "Jeffreys sheets"; the latter term, however, referred to another catalog produced by Jeffreys' section. The first set was completed in late December 1939. On 28 December part of the second set was delivered to the Polish cryptologists, who had by then escaped from German-overrun Poland to PC Bruno outside Paris, France. The remaining sheets were completed on 7 January 1940, and were couriered by Alan Turing to France shortly thereafter. "With their help," writes Rejewski, "we continued solving Enigma daily keys." The sheets were used by the Poles to make the first wartime decryption of an Enigma message, on 17 January 1940.Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, pp. 84, 94 (note 8). In May 1940, the Germans once again completely changed the procedure for enciphering message keys (with the exception of a Norwegian network). As a result, Zygalski's sheets were of no use, though the Herivel tip could still be used.Marian Rejewski, "Summary of Our Methods for Reconstructing ENIGMA and Reconstructing Daily Keys...", Appendix C to Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, pp. 243, 245. See also * Cryptanalysis of the Enigma. * Bomba ("cryptologic bomb"): machine designed about October 1938 by Marian Rejewski to facilitate the retrieval of Enigma keys. * Bombe: a machine, inspired by Rejewski's "cryptologic bomb," that was used by British and American cryptologists during World War II. * Grille (cryptography). * Punched card. * Jacquard loom. Notes References * * A revised and augmented translation of W kręgu enigmy, Warsaw, Książka i Wiedza, 1979, supplemented with appendices by Marian Rejewski and others. * * Appendix C of * Appendix E of External links * Javascript demonstration of Zygalski sheets * "Polish Enigma Double" * About the Enigma (National Security Agency) * "The Enigma Code Breach" by Jan Bury * The „Enigma” and the Intelligence * "Codebreaking and Secret Weapons in World War II" By Bill Momsen *A Brief History of Computing Technology, 1930 to 1939 The Daily Telegraph obituary of Mavis Batey https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/military-obituaries/special- forces-obituaries/10447712/Mavis-Batey-obituary.html Category:Cryptographic attacks Category:Science and technology in Poland Category:Cipher Bureau (Poland) Category:Polish inventions "
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