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"Roman Volodymyrovych Zozulya (born 22 June 1979 in Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union) is a retired Ukrainian gymnast who last represented Ukraine at both the 2000 and 2004 Summer Olympics.Roman Zozulya Biography and Olympic Results His favorite apparatus are still rings and horizontal bar, and his least favorite is floor exercise. Both of his parents work at a factory in Zaporizhya, Ukraine. References Category:1979 births Category:Ukrainian male artistic gymnasts Category:Medalists at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships Category:Gymnasts at the 2000 Summer Olympics Category:Gymnasts at the 2004 Summer Olympics Category:Living people Category:Olympic medalists in gymnastics Category:Sportspeople from Moscow Category:Ukrainian people of Russian descent Category:Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics Category:Olympic silver medalists for Ukraine Category:Universiade medalists in gymnastics Category:Universiade silver medalists for Ukraine Category:Universiade bronze medalists for Ukraine Category:Medalists at the 2003 Summer Universiade "
"The Battle of Edessa took place between the armies of the Roman Empire under the command of Emperor Valerian and Sasanian forces under Shahanshah (King of the Kings) Shapur I in 260. The Roman army was defeated and captured in its entirety by the Persian forces; for the first time, a Roman emperor was taken prisoner. As such, the battle is generally viewed as one of the worst disasters in Roman military history. Background and prelude Prior to the battle, Shapur I had penetrated several times deeply into Roman territory, conquering and plundering Antioch in Syria in 253 or 256. After defeating the usurper Aemilianus and assuming the power for himself, Valerian arrived in the eastern provinces as soon as he could (254 or 255) and gradually restored order.Potter 2004, p.254 Soon he had to confront a naval Gothic invasion in northern Asia Minor. The Goths ravaged Pontus and moved south into Cappadocia. An attempt from Valerian and his army in Antiocheia to intercept them failed because of the plague. While his army was in that weakened state, Shapur invaded northern Mesopotamia in 260, probably in early spring.Potter 2004, p.255 Battle fine cameo showing an equestrian single combat (mard o mard) between Shapur I and Valerian in which the latter is seized, according to Shapur's own statement, "with our own hand" In his sixties, the aged Valerian marched eastward to the Sasanian borders. According to Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht, Valerian met the main Persian army, under the command of Shapur I, between Carrhae and Edessa (in Middle Persian: Urhāy), with units from almost every part of the Roman Empire, together with Germanic allies,"... Valerian Caesar marched against us, and he had had with him, from [Magna] Germania (Germān-šahr), Raetia (Rešyā-šahr), Noricum (Nirkos-šahr), Dacia (Dākyā-šahr), Moesia (Mūsyā-šahr), Istria (Estriyā-šahr), Hispania (Espāniyā-šahr), Africa (Afrikiyā-šahr), Thracia (Trākyā-šahr), Bithynia (Butniyā-šahr), Asia (Āsiyā-šahr), Pamphylia (Pamfaliyā-šahr), Isauria (Esuriyā-šahr), Lycaonia (Lūkunyā-šahr), Galatia (Galātenyā-šahr), Cilicia (Kilikiyā-šahr), Cappadocia (Kappadukiyā-šahr), Phrygia (Frūgiyā- šahr), Syria (Sūriyā-šahr), Phoenicia (Funikiyā-šahr), Judaea (Jehūdiyā-šahr), Arabia (Arabiyā-šahr), Mauretania (Murin-šahr), Germania (Germānyā-šahr) [the province], Rhodes (Rodās-šahr), Osrhoene (Asenyos-šahr), and Mesopotamia (Meyānrōdān-šahr) an army of 70 000 men." —Res Gestae Divi Saporis and was thoroughly defeated and captured with his entire army. According to Roman sources, which are not very clear, the Roman army was defeated and besieged by the Persian forces. Valerian subsequently tried to negotiate, but he was captured; it is possible that his army surrendered after that. The prisoners included, according to Shapur's claims, many other high-ranking officials, including a praetorian prefect,Potter 2004, p.256 possibly Successianus. It has also been claimed that Shapur went back on his word by having the emperor seized after agreeing to truce negotiations.David Vagi (2001) [Coinage and History of the Roman Empire: C 82 BC - AD 480: Vol. 1] [Routledge]Rum", Persian miniature from Shahnameh Aftermath There are varying accounts as to Valerian's fate following his capture at the hands of Shapur. Some scholars claim Shapur sent Valerian and some of his army to the city of Bishapur, where they lived in relatively good conditions. Shapur used the remaining soldiers in engineering and development plans, as the Romans were skilled tradesmen and artisans. Band-e Kaisar (Caesar's dam) is one of the remnants of Roman engineering located near the ancient city of Susa.Zarinkoob (1999), p. 195 According to another source (Lactantius), Shapur humiliated Valerian, using the former emperor as a human stepping-stool while mounting his horse. He was reportedly kept in cage and was humiliated for the Persian Emperor's pleasure, according to Aurelius Victor. Upon his death, Valerian's body was allegedly skinned and stuffed with, depending on which account, manure or straw, to produce a trophy of Roman submission preserved in a Persian temple. However, there are also accounts that stipulate he was treated with respect, and that allegations of torture may have been fabricated by Christian historians of the Late Antiquity to show the perils that befell persecutors of Christianity. Following Valerian's capture, Shapur took the city of Caesarea and deported some 400,000 of its citizens to the southern provinces of the Sassanian Empire.Paul Chrystal, Roman Military Disasters: Dark Days & Lost Legions, (Pen & Sword, 2015), 198. He then raided Cilicia, but he was finally repulsed by a Roman force that was rallied by Macrianus, Callistus and Odenathus of Palmyra. Valerian's defeat at Edessa became the catalyst for a series of revolts that would lead to the temporary fragmentation of the Roman Empire. In the East, Macrianus used his control of Valerian's treasury to proclaim his sons Macrianus Minor and Quietus as Emperors. Along the Danubian frontier, Ingenuus and Regalianus were also proclaimed Emperors. In the West, the Roman governor Postumus took advantage of Gallienus' distraction to murder the Imperial heir Saloninus and take control of what is now called the Gallic Empire. References Sources * Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum, v. * Zosimus, New History, i. * Abdolhossein Zarinkoob, Ruzgaran: tarikh-i Iran az aghz ta saqut saltnat Pahlvi, Sukhan, 1999. * Potter, David S., The Roman Empire at Bay AD 180-395, Routledge, 2004. External links * "Valerian" on De Imperatoribus Romanis. Category:260 Edessa Edessa Category:3rd century in Iran Category:260s in the Roman Empire Category:History of Şanlıurfa Province Category:Shapur I Category:Edessa "
"telescope of GAISh, USSR 1958 The Sternberg Astronomical Institute (Государственный астрономический институт имени Штернберга in Russian), also known as GAISh (ГАИШ), is a research institution in Moscow, Russia, a division of Moscow State University. The institute is named after astronomer Pavel Karlovich Shternberg. It was founded in 1931, on the site of the observatory established by the university in 1831. The main-belt asteroid 14789 GAISH, discovered by Lyudmila Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in 1969, was named in its honour. The official naming citation was published on 6 January 2007 (). References External links * Sternberg Astronomical Institute Category:Research institutes in Russia Category:Moscow State University Category:Astronomy institutes and departments Category:Research institutes in the Soviet Union "