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"Cardinal Johann Gropper, portrait from 1555 :This is about the 16th century churchman. For the 20th Century political artist, see William Gropper. Johann Gropper (John or ) (24 February 1503, Soest - 13 March 1559, Rome) was a Roman Catholic cleric and church politician of the Reformation period. Early life: follower of Erasmus After being made keeper of the seal of the archbishopric of Cologne, he was appointed scholasticus of St. Gerson in 1527. Gropper was an adherent of Erasmus, and aided the reform efforts of Hermann von Wied, archbishop of Cologne. This led him, after having completed his legal studies at Cologne in 1525, to devote himself to theological study. He edited the Landrecht of Cologne, and also the canons of the provincial council at Cologne held in 1536 (both published in 1538, together with a detailed manual of Christian doctrine which he had composed). In both of these Gropper's Erasmian tendency showed itself; in both he took pains to make the Bible and the Church Fathers his point of departure. In many matters, especially in the doctrine of justification, he approximated Protestant views, but he did not approve of the doctrine of the Reformers concerning the concept and the organization of the Church. He championed the seven sacraments and the veneration of images and relics. He rejected the doctrine of the priesthood of believers, he defended the hierarchical order of the Middle Ages and the primacy of the pope, though on these very points his differences with the representatives of the papal system were apparent. Protestant and Jesuit writers alike censured the book. Against the Reformation in Cologne Gropper took a zealous part in the negotiations for church union and in the religious colloquies held in 1540 and 1541 in Hagenau, Worms, and Regensburg. In the latter place he secured agreement on the formulation of the doctrine of justification; but he and his sympathizers could not reach an understanding with the Protestants about the organization of the Church. When, therefore, Archbishop Hermann, felt himself committed to a far-reaching reform of ecclesiastical affairs in his archdiocese, and invited the Straßburg Reformer Martin Butzer for that purpose, Gropper came forward as the spokesman of the clergy of Cologne in opposition to the plans for Protestant reform proposed by his former patron; as a representative of the cathedral chapter he sought in the Landtag of March and July, 1543, to persuade the Estates to oppose Hermann and Butzer. As he was unsuccessful, he prepared an answer to the memorial for reformation which the archbishop laid before the latter Landtag. The answer was approved by a committee of the cathedral chapter and was published in 1554 in its name, in German and Latin. When even this document did not convert the archbishop, Gropper and the members of his party lodged complaints against him with the emperor and the pope. Gropper now negotiated eagerly with imperial counselors. He addressed to the emperor his Wahrhaftige Antwort against accusations by Butzer. In connection with this fight against the Protestantism, Gropper came to favor the settlement of the Jesuits in Cologne. Canisius, who was especially advanced by him, praises in the highest terms Gropper's merits in saving Catholicism within the archdiocese of Cologne. When the victory was won, and the previous coadjutor, Adolf von Schaumburg, had been enthroned as bishop, Gropper received the provostship in Bonn formerly held by a brother of Hermann. Under the new archbishop, Gropper worked by word and pen against the Protestants; he likewise acted as imperial commissioner for the carrying out of the Augsburg Interim in his native city of Soest. Later years How little in accordance with his wishes, however, ecclesiastical affairs developed in the next years, he himself states in a letter of 1556, in which he sets forth the reasons why he did not wish to accept the dignity of the cardinalate which had been offered to him. A letter of the following year betrays a still gloomier mood; he begged Petrus Canisius not to be suspicious of him if he held aloof from the religious colloquy soon to be held in Worms. In 1558 he saw new dangers arise for those near him, when Johann Gebhard von Mansfeld was chosen archbishop of Cologne. To prevent his confirmation by the pope, Gropper decided to make the journey to Rome, whither Paul IV had formerly invited him in vain. The pope received him with honor and demanded his opinion in weighty matters; nevertheless, not only did he not accomplish that which he wished in the Cologne affair, but he was denounced to the Inquisition by the Venetian Delfino. On March 13, 1559, he died in poverty, and was buried in the church of Maria dell'Anima. The pope, probably convinced by Gropper's defense that he was innocent, spoke before a consistory on March 15 in praise of the services of the deceased and transferred his benefices to his brother Kaspar. As a papal nuncio at Cologne Kaspar was later the zealous servant of the Counter-reformation, which directed its efforts against the Erasmian tendency which Gropper had once represented; with the result that in 1596 Gropper's Enchiridion, "the most detailed and most important pre- Tridentine dogmatic of the Reformation period," was put upon the Index Librorum Prohibitorum. References * External links *Biography Category:1503 births Category:1559 deaths Category:Roman Catholic theologians Category:German cardinals Category:Participants in the Council of Trent "
"Mohammed Saghir (also transliterated Mohammed Sanghir) is an elderly Pakistani who was held by the U.S. military in the United States Guantanamo Bay detention camps, in Cuba. His Guantanamo Internment Serial Number was 143. Joint Task Force Guantanamo counter-terrorism analysts estimate he was born in 1952, in Khohestan, Pakistan. When The Guardian interviewed Saghir, following his release, on October 22, 2002, they estimated he was in his sixties. mirror Saghir was one of the first four detainees to be released from Guantanamo. He was the first Pakistani to be released from Guantanamo. Saghir was released together with two even more elderly Afghan men, and one younger Afghan man. Guantanamo documents No documents about Mr. Sanghir had been made public, as he was released before the Combatant Status Review Tribunals began. On April 25, 2011, whistleblower organization WikiLeaks published formerly secret assessments drafted by Joint Task Force Guantanamo analysts. Saghir's assessment was dated September 27, 2002, and was two pages long. His assessment was signed by camp commandant Michael E. Dunlavey who recommended release or transfer to the control of another country. Historian Andy Worthington, author of The Guantanamo Files, repeated the justification for Saghir's detention -- "his knowledge of General Dostum's treatment of captured personnel transported from Kunduz to Sheberghan". Worthington called it "...a low point in the feeble reasons given for transfer to Guantánamo, as it involved US forces suggesting that they took him halfway round the world to an experimental prison outside the law simply to find out more about how their close ally had been murdering prisoners of war." Suing the USA Saghir initiated a lawsuit against the United States for $10.4 million for the torture and abuse he reports he endured. \- mirror mirror LHC to hear damages suit by former Guantanamo detainee, Daily Times, June 24, 2004 Saghir says that when he was released he was promised compensation. In September 2012, Saghir reminded the Pakistan Tribune that President Barack Obama had broken his promise to close Guantanamo. Le Monde interview Sanghir reportedly still wears the green ID bracelet issued to him in camp delta. His bracelet says: US 9PK 0001 43 DP According to Le Monde, Mohammed Sanghir said he had been in Afghanistan for three months prior to the al Qaeda attacks of September 11, 2001. He was Captured in Kunduz, a Taliban enclave in the North of Afghanistan, with 250 other people, who were loaded into a large shipping container, for the trip to General Dostum's prison at Sheberghan: Sanghir said 50 of his companions died: Mohammed Sanghir said he was held for 45 days in Sheberghan before he was first interrogated. After several months in Afghanistan, where he was forcibly shaved, Sanghir said a female interrogator told him he was being sent to a better place. However, he reported, while still bound, he and his companions were thrown off the plane that took them to Guantanamo, and endured a brutal beating. Mohammed Sanghir said he was interrogated twenty times while at Guantanamo: McClatchy News Service interview On June 15, 2008, the McClatchy News Service published a series of articles based on interviews with 66 former Guantanamo captives. mirror Saghir was one of the former captives who had an article profiling him. mirror Saghir reports that when he was repatriated he found that his family had incurred debts of 1.2 million rupees in his absence—to search for his body, and to support themselves without his income. He acknowledged that he had traveled to Afghanistan with a group from the Tablighi Jamaat, a non-political religious organization that American counter-terrorism analysts tie to terrorism. Mohammed Saghir told his McClatchy interviewer that he was captured in a stream of refugees, not on a battlefield. He said he was shipped in a metal shipping container to General Dostum's Sherberghan prison. He said he saw many other captives die during the months he spent there. He describe religious persecution in Guantanamo. He participated in a hunger strike and was subjected to force-feeding. Pakistan Observer interview The Pakistan Observer published a new interview with Sarheer on March 8, 2012. According to the article he asserted "No one among the prisoners knew as to who had planned the 9/11 attacks ... Person like me neither knew WTC nor Osama or Al-Qaeda," Saghir also described female GIs sexually harassing him. See also * Mohammed Sadiq another elderly prisoner held at Guantanamo * Haji Faiz Mohammed elderly prisoner held at Guantanamo References External links * The Convoy of Death: Will Obama Investigate The Afghan Massacre Of November 2001? Andy Worthington *McClatchy News Service - video Category:Living people Category:Guantanamo detainees known to have been released Category:Year of birth uncertain Category:1952 births "
"Nativity Church in Tiraspol The Nativity Church, also known as the Cathedral of the Birth of Christ, is the largest and newest church in Tiraspol, the capital of Transnistria. It is a Russian Orthodox Church completed in 1999 to serve as the Mother Church of the Orthodox Christian Diocese of Tiraspol. Celebrations marking the completion of the cathedral included, among other things, the issuing of a series of postage stamps featuring the church (see Transnistrian stamps issued for Christmas 1999). In 2001, the cathedral's image was displayed on the principal coins struck for a commemorative series of gold and silver currency featuring Orthodox Temples of Transnistria. External links * Orthodox Wiki Diocese of Tiraspol-Dubossary Category:Cathedrals in Transnistria Category:Churches completed in 1999 Category:20th-century Eastern Orthodox church buildings Tiraspol Tiraspol Category:Buildings and structures in Tiraspol Category:1999 establishments in Moldova "