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"The Fowler Report, released on March 14, 2000, is a United Nations report detailing how various companies, African and European governments, including that of Angola and the political wing of UNITA, violated the Lusaka Protocol as well as UN-imposed sanctions. Robert Fowler, Canada's ambassador to the United Nations, headed the commission that compiled the report, which raised widespread international concern by highlighting the strong link between the illicit diamond trade and third world conflicts. UN sanctions Following the resumption of the Angolan civil war by UNITA, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1173 and Resolution 1176 in 1998, which sought to bring an end to the conflict by imposing sanctions against the UNITA movement, specifically targeting its ability to finance the war through the sale of blood diamonds. Sanctions-breaking diamond trade Despite the sanctions imposed against UNITA, the organisation was able to continue financing the conflict; the UN therefore passed United Nations Security Council Resolution 1237, which gave Robert Fowler's panel of experts a mandate to investigate how the sanctions were being circumvented. According to the Fowler Report, UNITA used a number of channels to sell or barter diamonds for cash or weapons. In one of the schemes that was identified, Joe de Deker, a former stockholder in De Beers, worked with the government of Zaire to supply military equipment to UNITA from 1993 to 1997. De Deker's brother, Ronnie, was an arms dealer who allegedly travelled with him from South Africa to Angola, directing weapons originating in Eastern Europe. In return, UNITA gave Ronnie bushels of diamonds worth US$6 million. De Deker sent the diamonds to De Beer's buying office in Antwerp, Belgium. De Beers openly acknowledges spending $500 million on legal and illegal Angolan diamonds in 1992 alone. The United Nations estimates Angolans made between three and four billion dollars through the diamond trade between 1992 and 1998. The UN also estimates that out of that sum, UNITA made at least $3.72 billion, or 93% of all diamond sales, despite international sanctions. =Support for UNITA= Togolese President Gnassingbé Eyadéma allowed UNITA to use Togo as a base of operations. He gave money to relatives of Jonas Savimbi and shipped arms to UNITA militants. The report condemned Burkinabé President Blaise Compaoré for sending fuel to UNITA and maintaining a stronger alliance with UNITA than all other African leaders. The Rwandan and Gabonese governments refueled UNITA airplanes and sent fuel to Angola. The governments of South Africa, Zambia, Côte d'Ivoire, Morocco and Belgium did not enforce the UN-travel ban on UNITA officials while France, Portugal, Germany, Switzerland, and the United States allowed UNITA to maintain offices in their respective countries. Impact The UN had no powers to enforce compliance with the sanctions, so the report instead set out to name and shame the countries, companies and individuals involved, and thereby led directly to the passing of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1295 and the subsequent establishment of the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme Kimberly Process Authority Chairman Is Determined by Member voting (United Nations General Assembly Resolution 55/56). See also *United Nations Security Council Resolution 864 ReferencesExternal links *Conflict Diamonds: Sanctions and War at United Nations Category:2000 in Angola Category:2000 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Category:2000 in South Africa Category:United Nations reports Category:2000 in international relations Category:2000 documents Category:Blood diamonds "
"Payanam is a village in kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu next to Unnamalaikadai. Total population is around 2k(~2000). Major religions are Hinduism and Christianity. Payanam tops as a largest agricultural village of unnamalaikadai town panchayat, by contributing 35% of its total food need. Payanam village is situated 2 km from Marthandam and part of unnamalaikadai town panchayat. The entire payanam is blessed by Nature with a river, ponds and mountains(hills). The brick industries, rubber groves, coconut plantations and paddy fields play main role in the economy of the village. A river links remote villages with Payanam with the help of boat service. The boat service provides a cheap and economical mode of transport to remote villages like Thikkurichy, Vallakadavu, Nellikkai villai, ootichai, a popular Thikukurichy Shivan temple and a catholic church It would be an incredibly different experience to walk along the village and absorbing the beauty of village. Payanam village is very famous for Green Paddy fields, highlands(Pho-it-aye). A walk through right of (follow direction from Marthandam) payanam junction takes you to rich green sleepy little places varuvilai, pottai( Pron as Pho- it-aye), pulayan vilai, eechanvilai and finally to eraviputhur kadai Payanam is also called as temple village, meaning in which there is a temple for every family built to pray their family gods. The famous sree chenbagavalli amman temple and Sree Chenbaga primary school are situated at the junction itself. Follow Shenbagavalli Amman temple payanam link to know cultural heritage of enchanting Chenbagavalli Amman temple. Chenbagavalli auditorium is another added feature of payanam village, built to reduce the heavy marriage expenses suffered by payanam people. Back to marthandam down below 500 yards off from payanam junction, there exist a Christian holy shrine, a holy gathering place for 25% Christians in payanam village. A walk through the left of payanam junction, takes you to Keezharoad, Karaamvilai, manchavilai,Gramam, Mahadevar temple, Karupparaitemple and finally to payanam river. President: Jaya Seelan, Councilor: C.Rajan Category:Villages in Kanyakumari district "
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