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"On 3 August 1942 the fishing trawler Dureenbee was attacked and badly damaged by Japanese submarine I-175 off the town of Moruya, New South Wales. Three of the trawler's crew were killed, and the ship was subsequently damaged beyond repair after running aground. While the incident has been called a war crime, Allied submarines also conducted similar attacks during World War II. Background The Dureenbee was a fishing trawler of 223 tons displacement constructed in 1919. As of 1942, she belonged to Cam and Sons and operated in the seas off the South Coast of New South Wales. She was unarmed. Her crew comprised Captain William Reid and ten other men. Reid had served with the British Royal Navy during World War I. Two groups of Japanese submarines operated off the east coast of Australia in mid-1942. The first group arrived in May, and launched the Attack on Sydney Harbour on the 31st of the month. These submarines subsequently attacked merchant shipping until late June. A second group of three Japanese submarines comprising , and I-175 commenced operations in mid-July. I-175 departed the Japanese base at Kwajalein in the central Pacific on 8 July 1942 to operate off Australia. This would be the submarine's fourth war patrol; during the previous three she had mainly operated off Hawaii. The only ship sunk during these patrols was the small United States merchant vessel Mainini on 17 December 1941. The submarine also shelled Palmyra Naval Air Station on Palmyra Atoll on 24 December 1941. On 23 July I-175 torpedoed the Australian merchant vessel Allara off Newcastle. While the ship's crew abandoned ship, she did not sink and was towed into Newcastle. The next day the submarine torpedoed and damaged the Australian merchant vessel Murada north-east of Newcastle. On 26 July she was attacked by , and withdrew to the south. Two days later I-175 sank the French merchant vessel Cagou north-east of Newcastle, before proceeding south. Attack At about 1:30 am on 3 August Dureenbee accidentally approached I-175 during one of her fishing voyages. At this time the submarine was on the surface recharging its batteries. The trawler's crew were stowing recently-caught fish and dropping her net, and did not spot I-175. I-175 initiated the engagement by opening fire on Dureenbee with her deck gun. The first shell missed, and exploded in the sea. After realising the trawler was under attack, Dureenbees radio operator sent a distress signal. The submarine's crew then opened fire with machine guns, which destroyed the trawler's radio room and badly wounded the radio operator. Two more shells were fired at Dureenbee, with both striking the vessel. The shells destroyed the trawler's wheel house and crippled her engine, leaving the vessel motionless. Following the initial barrage Reid attempted to contact the Japanese sailors by yelling "don't fire! We are only a harmless fishing boat". This had no effect, and I-175 circled the trawler for 45 minutes. During this time her deck gun continued to fire on Dureenbee. The submarine then submerged, and reappeared six minutes later travelling out to sea. After I-175 disappeared, Reid fired several distress flares to summon assistance. At this time one member of the trawler's crew was dead, and another two seriously wounded. All of the other sailors had survived the attack with only minor injuries by sheltering behind machinery. Shortly after the attack on Dureenbee commenced, members of the Moruya Volunteer Defence Corps unit asked the co-owners of the trawler Mirrabooka and one of their crew to put to sea as a rescue vessel. They agreed, and departed the town at 2:30 am. At 6:20 am Dureenbee was spotted by a patrolling Royal Australian Air Force aircraft, which directed Mirrabooka towards her. Once Mirrabooka arrived alongside Dureenbee the damaged trawler's surviving crew and the body of the dead sailor were transferred across. One of the badly wounded sailors died on board Mirrabooka, and the third died in hospital several days later. Aftermath An attempt was made to locate and salvage Dureenbee on the morning of 4 August. Mirrabooka was also used for this task, having been commandeered by two members of the Commonwealth Salvage Board. Following a search, Dureenbee was found aground on rocks off the North Head of Batemans Bay. An attempt to tow Dureenbee off the rocks was unsuccessful, with Mirrabooka also nearly running aground and having to be rescued by the trawler Erina. No further attempts to recover Dureenbee were made, though local fishermen removed equipment from the wreck before it sank. Following the attack I-175 proceeded north, and took up a station to the south of Jervis Bay. On 7 August she was ordered to abandon her patrol off Australia to operate off San Cristobal in the Solomon Islands in response the United States landing on Guadalcanal that day. Five days later two US Navy aircraft attacked and damaged the submarine south-west of Espiritu Santo, forcing her to break off her patrol for repairs. She arrived at Rabaul on 17 August. The three members of Dureenbees who were killed in the attack were buried at Moruya Cemetery, with their graves being marked by Merchant Navy headstones. Six RAAF airmen killed during World War II are also buried in the cemetery. The remnants of the trawler still lie in the sea off what is now the Murramarang National Park. As of 2017, it was not a protected site. An account published during World War II labelled the attack on Dureenbee to have been "murder and piracy on the high seas". A postwar author has labelled it "barbarism". However, Allied submarines conducted many such attacks on Japanese fishing boats in the belief that they formed part of the Japanese war economy. In 2017 a local amateur historian noted that Dureenbees catch would have been used to feed Australian soldiers. References =Citations= =Works consulted= * * Category:Military attacks against Australia Category:Ships sunk by Japanese submarines Category:World War II shipwrecks in the Pacific Ocean Category:1942 in Australia Category:Maritime incidents in August 1942 Category:Shipwrecks of the Far South Coast Region "
"Gina Rippon (born 1950) is a British neuroscientist and feminist. She is a professor emeritus of cognitive neuroimaging at the Aston Brain Centre, Aston University, Birmingham. Rippon has also sat on the editorial board of the International Journal of Psychophysiology. In 2019, Rippon published her book, Gendered Brain: The New Neuroscience that Shatters the Myth of the Female Brain, which investigates the role of life experiences and biology in brain development. Career = Researcher = Rippon gained her PhD in 1982 in physiological psychology and then focused on brain processes and schizophrenia. Rippon's research applies brain imaging techniques, particularly electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG), and uses cognitive neuroscience paradigms to study normal and abnormal cognitive processes. Her work has also focused on Autistic Spectrum Disorders and to developmental dyslexia. = Gendered Brain = In 2019, Rippon released her book, Gendered Brain: The New Neuroscience that Shatters the Myth of the Female Brain. Reviews Reviews of Rippon's work have been "positive", according to review aggregator Book Marks, with three rave reviews, four positive, and three mixed reviews. In a review for Nature, neuroscientist Lise Elliot wrote that Rippon's book accomplishes its goal of debunking the concept of a gendered brain. Rhonda Voskuhl and Sabra Klein, of the Organization for the Study of Sex Differences, responded in Nature to Eliot's review, arguing against the idea that sex differences in behavior are due only to culture, and criticizing Eliot's claim that the brain is "no more gendered than the liver or kidneys or heart". They state that biological and cultural effects are not mutually exclusive, and that sex differences occur also in animals, who are not affected by culture. In a review for The Times, psychologist Simon Baron- Cohen stated that "most biologists and neuroscientists agree that prenatal biology and culture combine to explain average sex differences in the brain". He argues that Rippon "[boxes] herself into an extremist position by arguing that it’s all culture and no biology". Writing for The Guardian, Rachel Cooke writes that the book is a "brilliant debunking of the notion of a ‘female brain’". In a mixed review at The New York Journal of Books, Jane Hale noted the book could be improved by finding "a social scientist to partner with". Views = Criticism of 'neurotrash' = Rippon is critical of what she sees as the misrepresentation and hijacking of neuroscience, what she calls 'neurotrash'. "The logic of their argument is that males and females are biologically different, men and women are behaviourally different, so their behavioural differences are biologically caused and cannot and, more importantly, should not be challenged or changed. I aim to... produce a guide to spotting such ‘neurononsense’." :Transcript of a lecture given at the British Science Festival, 18 September 2010. Neurotrashers, she says, "extrapolate wildly" from their data and believes that their science can be used for "social engineering" to reinforce perceived male and female roles and status. She says that neurotrashers perpetuate the idea "that biology is destiny. If you are biologically different that's it and if you fight against it in any particular way that's going to be damaging." Rippon cites the work of Louann Brizendine as examples of neurotrash and has also criticized experiments done by Simon Baron-Cohen. = Sex differences in the brain = Rippon does not believe that there is a "single item type as a male brain or a female brain", instead that "everybody is actually made up of a whole pattern of things, which is maybe due to their biology and maybe due to their different experiences in life." She puts forward the idea that "every brain is different from every other brain". Rippon is also opposed to the "continued emphasis on 'essentialist', brain-based explanations in both public communication of, and research into, many forms of gender imbalance." When asked for a comparable "watershed" moment in science to compare her findings to, Rippon responded "the idea of the Earth circling around the sun". Rippon states that "I do think there are sex differences in the brain; there are bound to be, with respect to different roles in the reproductive process". She expanded that, when discussing brain differences, "there are sex differences that we should pay attention to, but the power that’s attributed to biology is what needs challenging". Media appearances Rippon appeared on BBC Radio 4's Today programme alongside professor Robert Winston and BBC's No More Boys And Girls: Can Our Kids Go Gender Free?. She was interviewed on the podcast NOUS on the publication of her book The Gendered Brain, where she responded to her critics. See also * Neuroscience of sex differences * List of cognitive neuroscientists * List of developmental psychologists Bibliography ;Books * ;Journal articles ::See also: ;Other articles * * Available online here. (See also: neuroscience of sex differences.) * *:See also: ::* A review of: ;Lectures * ::Transcript of a lecture given at the British Science Festival, 18 September 2010. * References External links * Profile page: Professor Gina Rippon, Aston University Category:1950 births Category:Academics of Aston University Category:British neuroscientists Category:Cognitive scientists Category:Cognitive neuroscientists Category:Developmental psychologists Category:Living people Category:British women neuroscientists "
"Te Atahoe (c. 1791 - 27 February 1810) was a daughter of the Ngāpuhi chief Te Pahi. Te Pahi was one of the senior chiefs of the north-western Bay of Islands. He was the son of Wharerau, a descendant of the ancient ancestral Ngati Awa, Nga Puhi, Ngati Rehia, and Te Hikutu and Ngati Rua. Te Atahoe lived at Te Puna in the Rangihoua Bay area of the Bay of Islands and was also known as Mary Bruce.Trade and Relations Maori in Parramatta 2015 Maarama Kamira, Parramatta City Council Life As a teenager, between 1806 and 1808, Te Atahoe was given in 'marriage' by her father to a former convict, English man, George Bruce. Bruce had been a crew member on a voyage from Sydney to New Zealand in 1806 during which Te Pahi had fallen ill and Bruce had cared for him. In 1807 Te Atahoe accompanied Bruce on the General Wellesley, a ship travelling to North Cape. However, the ship's captain, Captain Dalrymple, instead of returning the pair to the Bay of Islands, sailed for India via Malacca. Arriving in Malacca in December 1808, Bruce disembarked to lay a complaint about Dalrymple's behaviour, but while he was ashore Dalrymple left for Penang, with Te Atahoe on board. Bruce met the ship at Penang and the couple returned to Malacca to wait for a ship destined for New Zealand. As no ship was found, they instead sailed for Calcutta in late 1809, seeking a passage home. They found and joined the ship Union, which was sailing to Tasmania and then Sydney; only a few days after leaving Calcutta, Te Atahoe gave birth to a daughter, Mary. Te Atahoe contracted dysentery while in Sydney however, and died on 27 February 1810. Mary was placed with the Female Orphan School in Sydney and George Bruce returned to England, where he died in 1819 at the age of 40. Thomas Kendall and Samuel Marsden mention Mary in letters to the Church Missionary Society in 1815 and 1816 suggesting that Bruce tried to return to Sydney and his daughter Mary, but was denied entry to the colony by Governor Macquarie. In 1816 Kendall wrote "George Bruce, whom you mention in your letter would not in my opinion do any good here. The woman he cohabited is dead. The child is in the Orphan School at Sydney. It is better provided for that he could provide for it."Pratt to Kendall 16 August 1815, Kendal to Pratt 6 Dec 1816 There is some suggestion that having Mary at the Orphan School meant that she, as a high ranking granddaughter of a senior Maori Chief, could possibly be used as collateral if hostilities broke out between the Port Jackson traders and Maori in the Bay of Islands and Hokianga regions. She was the granddaughter of Te Pahi and the niece of Ruatara, Kawiti and Hongi Hika, all Chiefs in their own right and seminal trading partners to the colony. Mary was one of the first orphans at the new Female Orphan School at Parramatta, now the Whitlam Centre, Western Sydney University. She became a teacher at the school and in 1828 married a former convict, James Tucker; Samuel Marsden officiated at the ceremony, at St Johns Church, Parramatta.Maori Trade and Relations in Parramatta 2015 Maarama Kamira Parramatta City Council Te Atahoe was buried at the Old Sydney Burial Ground which is now the site of Sydney Town Hall. When construction began on the Town Hall, she was exhumed and taken to Haslams Creek, which became Rookwood Necropolis. Her death notice was placed in the Sydney Gazette on 3 March 1810 and states that she died at 4am in the home of a Frances McKuen.Sydney Gazette 3 March 1810 Page 2 Her headstone read "Sacred to the memory of Mary Bruce, a Princess of New Zealand who departed this life Feb 27 1810. Aged 18 years. Good Christians all who see this tomb, what I am come to is your doom. These words is true I do lay. The secret that is between this soul and the no mortal soul that's all in the life. Will never know the secret between me and my wife. Tho she is gone and I am here. Never till our souls before the Lord does appear. When we are there both great and small. God will discover our secrets all." Old Sydney Burial Grounds inscription Legacy On 23 October 2014 at the front of the Whitlam Centre (the former Female Orphan School), members of the Australian Maori community, Nga Puhi elders from the Runanga an Iwi O Nga Puhi and the Director of the Whitlam Institute, Eric Sidoti, took part in a ceremony to honour and remember Te Atahoe and her daughter Mary, who arguably was the first Australian Maori. References Category:1790s births Category:1810 deaths Category:Ngāpuhi Category:People from the Bay of Islands Category:Deaths from dysentery "