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"Rolf Schock (; 5 April 1933 - 5 December 1986) was a Swedish–American philosopher and artist, born in Cap-d'Ail, France of German parents. Biography His parents, who had left Germany in 1931, would eventually settle in the United States, where Rolf would go on to study geology and psychology, with mathematics as a minor, at the University of New Mexico. After completing a bachelor of arts in 1955, he pursued studies in philosophy and logic from 1956 to 1960 at the University of California, first in Berkeley and then in Los Angeles (UCLA), and in 1960 moved to Stockholm, Sweden, to specialize in theoretical philosophy at Stockholm University with a particular interest in free logic, logic free of existence assumptions. He was awarded an intermediate post-graduate degree in 1964 and a Ph.D. in 1968, which was followed by an appointment as associate professor at Uppsala University in the following year. During the period 1964–1969 he also studied at the University College of Arts, Crafts and Design in Stockholm and he dedicated a lot of his time to painting and photography in addition to conducting research. He led a simple life as an independent scholar who was devoted to researching the field of logic and related areas in philosophy, and never held a permanent position, earning a living by temporary teaching assignments at universities and night- schools. For some years he was affiliated with the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, where he taught a series of courses. In 1986 Rolf Schock was killed in an accident in Berlin. To much surprise he left a large estate. Schock bequeathed half of the funds for prizes in the arts and sciences, and beginning in 1993, Schock Prizes () instituted by his will are awarded every two or three years. References * Category:Swedish philosophers Category:Logicians Category:1933 births Category:1986 deaths Category:Stockholm University alumni Category:20th-century philosophers "
"Lies may refer to: * Lie, an untruthful statement * Lies (evidence), falsehoods in common law Geography * Lies, Hautes-Pyrénées, a commune in Occitanie region, France * Lies, Friesland, a village on the island of Terschelling, Friesland, the Netherlands. * Lies, North Brabant, a hamlet in Breda, North Brabant, the Netherlands Books * Lies (Gone series), the third book of Michael Grant's series * Lies, Inc., an expanded version of the 1964 book The Unteleported Man by Philip K. Dick Film and television * Lies (1999 film), a South Korean film directed by Jang Sun-wu * Lies (1983 film), a film by Ken and Jim Wheat * Lies (2008 film), a Swedish short film directed by Jonas Odell * "Lies" (The Black Donnellys), a television episode Music * L.I.E.S., an American electronic music record label =Albums= * Lies (Guns N' Roses album) or G N' R Lies, 1988 * Lies, by Blodwyn Pig, 1993 * Lies, by Bon Voyage, 2008 * Lies, by Heartbreak, 2008 =Songs= * "Lies" (1931 song), written by Harry Barris and George E. Springer * "Lies" (Anette Olzon song), 2014 * "Lies" (Big Bang song), 2007 * "Lies" (Burns song), 2012 * "Lies" (En Vogue song), 1990 * "Lies" (g.o.d song), 2000 * "Lies" (Jonathan Butler song), 1987 * "Lies" (The Knickerbockers song), 1965 * "Lies" (Koda Kumi song), 2006 * "Lies" (McFly song), 2008 * "Lies" (Rolling Stones song), 1978 * "Lies" (Status Quo song), 1980 * "Lies" (Thompson Twins song), 1982 * "Lies", by Alphaville from Forever Young, 1984 * "Lies", by Billy Talent from Billy Talent, 2003 * "Lies", by the Black Keys from Attack & Release, 2008 * "Lies", by Chvrches from The Bones of What You Believe, 2013 * "Lies", by the Click Five from Greetings from Imrie House, 2005 * "Lies", by Dillon Francis from This Mixtape Is Fire, 2015 * "Lies", by Elton John from Made in England, 1995 * "Lies", by EMF from Schubert Dip, 1991 * "Lies", by Evanescence from Origin, 2000 * "Lies", by Fenech-Soler, 2009 * "Lies", by Hercules and Love Affair from Omnion, 2017 * "Lies", by Hilary Duff from Breathe In. Breathe Out., 2015 * "Lies", by J. J. Cale from Really, 1973 * "Lies", by James Maslow, 2015 * "Lies", by Korn from Korn, 1994 * "Lies", by Marina and the Diamonds from Electra Heart, 2012 * "Lies", by MC Magic from Magic City, 2006 * "Lies", by Pet Shop Boys, a B-side of the single "You Only Tell Me You Love Me When You're Drunk", 2000 * "Lies", by Roxette from Crash! Boom! Bang!, 1994 * "Lies", by the Saturdays from Chasing Lights, 2008 * "Lies", by Schoolboy Q from Crash Talk, 2019 * "Lies", by Stabbing Westward from Ungod, 1994 * "Lies", by Stan Rogers from Northwest Passage, 1981 * "Lies", by Starbreaker from Starbreaker, 2005 * "Lies", by the Waifs from Sink or Swim, 2000 * "Lies", by Wild Orchid, B-side of the single "Stuttering (Don't Say)", 2001 * "Lies (Through the 80s)", by Manfred Mann's Earth Band from Chance, 1980 People * Lies Bonnier (born 1925), Dutch swimmer * Lies Cosijn (1931–2016), Dutch ceramicist * Lies Eykens (born 1989), Belgian volleyball player * Lies Jans (born 1974), Belgian politician * Lies Noor (died 1961), Indonesian actress * Lies Rustenburg (born 1990), Dutch rower * Lies Visschedijk (born 1974), Dutch actress See also * * Lie (disambiguation) * Liar (disambiguation) * Lyse (disambiguation) * White Lies (disambiguation) "
"Codependency is a behavioral condition in a relationship where one person enables another person's addiction, poor mental health, immaturity, irresponsibility, or under-achievement. Among the core characteristics of codependency is an excessive reliance on other people for approval and a sense of identity. Definitions of codependency vary, but it is generally defined as a subclinical, situational, and/or episodic behavioral condition similar to that of dependent personality disorder. The term is less individually diagnostic and more descriptive of a relationship dynamic. History The idea of codependency may have its roots in the theories of German psychoanalyst Karen Horney. In 1941, she proposed that some people adopt what she termed a "Moving Toward" personality style to overcome their basic anxiety. Essentially, these people move toward others by gaining their approval and affection, and subconsciously control them through their dependent style. They are unselfish, virtuous, martyr-like, faithful, and turn the other cheek despite personal humiliation. Approval from others is more important than respecting themselves. The term codependency is most often identified with Alcoholics Anonymous and the realization that the Alcoholism was not solely about the addict but also about the family and friends who constitute a network for the alcoholic." The term “codependent” is used to describe how family members and friends might actually interfere with recovery by overhelping." The application of this term was very much driven by the self-help community. Janet G. Woititz's Adult Children of Alcoholics had come out in 1983 and sold two million copies while being on the New York Times bestseller list for 48 weeks. Robin Norwood's Women Who Love Too Much, 1985, sold two and a half million copies and spawned Twelve Step groups across the country for women "addicted" to men. Melody Beattie popularized the concept of codependency in 1986 with the book Codependent No More which sold eight million copies.J. S. Rice, A Disease of One's Own (1998) p. 2 In 1986, Timmen Cermak, M.D. wrote Diagnosing and Treating Co-Dependence: A Guide for Professionals. In the book and an article published in the Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (Volume 18, Issue 1, 1986), Cermak argued (unsuccessfully) for the inclusion of codependency as a separate personality disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R; American Psychiatric Association, 1987). Cermak's book paved the way for a Twelve-step take-off program, called Co-Dependents Anonymous. The first Co-Dependents Anonymous meeting was held October 22, 1986. Definition "Dependency" is well-established in psychological literature. Early psychoanalytic theory emphasized the oral character and structural basis of dependency, social learning theory considers a tendency to be acquired by learning and experience, and ethological attachment theory posits that attachment or affectional bonding is the basis for dependency. =Codependency= Timmen Cermak, M.D., proposed that co-dependency be listed as a personality disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R; American Psychiatric Association, 1987). Cermak reasoned that when specific personality traits become excessive and maladaptive and cause significant impairment in functioning or cause significant distress, it warrants a personality disorder diagnosis. Cermak's definition was published in the Journal of Psychoactive Drugs in 1986 and is the most detailed definition in peer reviewed literature. Cermak proposed the following criteria for this disorder: # Continued investment of self-esteem in the ability to control both oneself and others in the face of serious adverse consequences. # Assumption of responsibility for meeting others' needs to the exclusion of acknowledging one's own. # Anxiety and boundary distortions relative to intimacy and separation. # Enmeshment in relationships with personality disordered, chemically dependent, other co‐dependent, or impulse‐disordered individuals. # Three or more of the following: ## Excessive reliance on denial ## Constriction of emotions (with or without dramatic outbursts) ## Depression ## Hypervigilance ## Compulsions ## Anxiety ## Substance abuse ## Has been (or is) the victim of recurrent physical or sexual abuse ## Stress related medical illnesses ## Has remained in a primary relationship with an active substance abuser for at least two years without seeking outside help. Codependency has not been included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; DSM-III-R or later versions. =Dependent personality disorder= Dependent personality disorder is included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) of the American Psychiatric Association. The definition and criteria have changed in the different versions of the DSM. In the DSM-I, passive dependency personality was characterized by helplessness, denial, and indecisiveness, and was considered a subtype of passive-aggressive personality. By DSM-IV, there were nine criteria with an essential feature of a pervasive or lifetime pattern of dependent and submissive behavior. The DSM- IV definition emphasized the excessive need to be taken care of, leading to submissive and clinging behavior and fear of separation. Behaviors and characteristics =Individual dynamics= A codependent is someone who cannot function on their own and whose thinking and behavior is instead organized around another person, process, or substance. Many codependents place a lower priority on their own needs, while being excessively preoccupied with the needs of others. Codependency can occur in any type of relationship, including family, work, friendship, and also romantic, peer or community relationships.Codependents Anonymous: Patterns and Characteristics =Romantic relationship dynamics= Some codependents often find themselves in relationships where their primary role is that of rescuer, supporter, and confidante. These helper types are often dependent on the other person's poor functioning to satisfy their own emotional needs. Codependent relationships are marked by intimacy problems, dependency, control (including caretaking), denial, dysfunctional communication and boundaries, and high reactivity. Often, there is imbalance, so one person is abusive or in control or supports or enables another person's addiction, poor mental health, immaturity, irresponsibility, or under-achievement. Commonly observable characteristics of codependency are:Winning Teams: Definitions in Psychology, Dr. David Thomas PhD * intense and unstable interpersonal relationships * inability to tolerate being alone, accompanied by frantic efforts to avoid being alone * autophobia * chronic feelings of boredom and emptiness * subordinating one's own needs to those of the person with whom one is involved * overwhelming desire for acceptance and affection * perfectionism * over-controlling * external referencing * dishonesty and denial * manipulation * lack of trust * low self- worth * victim mentality In a codependent relationship, the codependent person's sense of purpose is based on making extreme sacrifices to satisfy their partner's needs. Codependent relationships signify a degree of unhealthy "clinginess" and needy behavior, where one person does not have self- sufficiency or autonomy. One or both parties depend on their loved one for fulfillment. The mood and emotions of the codependent are often determined by how they think other individuals perceive them (especially loved ones). This perception is self-inflicted and often leads to clingy, needy behavior which can hurt the health of the relationship. Particularly problematic pairings include: :Personality disorder and codependent pairing :*Borderline personality disorder – there is a tendency for loved ones of people with borderline personality disorder (BPD) to slip into "caretaker" roles, giving priority and focus to problems in the life of the person with BPD rather than to issues in their own lives. Further, the codependent may gain a sense of worth by being "the sane one" or "the responsible one". :*Narcissistic personality disorder – codependents of narcissists are sometimes called co- narcissists.Rappoport, Alan, PhD. Co-Narcissism: How We Adapt to Narcissistic Parents. The Therapist, 2005. Narcissists, with their ability to get others to "buy into their vision" and help them make it a reality, seek and attract partners who will put others' needs before their own.Simon Crompton, All About Me: Loving a Narcissist (London 2007) p. 157 and p. 235 Codependents can provide the narcissist with an obedient and attentive audience.Crompton, p. 31 Among the reciprocally interlocking interactions of the pair are the narcissist's overpowering need to feel important and special and the codependent person's strong need to help others feel that way. :Codependent or impulse-disordered individuals and codependent pairing :* Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). :* Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) :* Bipolar disorder :* Substance use disorder (SUD) :* Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) :* Personality disorder (PD) :* Traumatic brain injury (TBI) :* Psychosis :* Dementia =Family dynamics= In the dysfunctional family the child learns to become attuned to the parent's needs and feelings instead of the other way around. Parenting is a role that requires a certain amount of self-sacrifice and giving a child's needs a high priority. A parent can, nevertheless, be codependent towards their own children if the caretaking or parental sacrifice reaches unhealthy or destructive levels. Generally, a parent who takes care of their own needs (emotional and physical) in a healthy way will be a better caretaker, whereas a codependent parent may be less effective, or may even do harm to a child. Codependent relationships often manifest through enabling behaviors, especially between parents and their children. Another way to look at it is that the needs of an infant are necessary but temporary, whereas the needs of the codependent are constant. Children of codependent parents who ignore or negate their own feelings may become codependent. Recovery and prognosis Not all mental health professionals agree about standard methods of treatment. Caring for an individual with a physical addiction is not necessarily treating a pathology. The caregiver may only require assertiveness skills and the ability to place responsibility for the addiction on the other. There are various recovery paths for individuals who struggle with codependency. For example, some may choose cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy, sometimes accompanied by chemical therapy for accompanying depression. There also exist support groups for codependency, such as Co-Dependents Anonymous (CoDA), Al-Anon/Alateen, Nar- Anon, and Adult Children of Alcoholics (ACoA), which are based on the twelve- step program model of Alcoholics Anonymous and Celebrate Recovery, a Christian, Bible-based group. Many self-help guides have been written on the subject of codependency. Sometimes an individual can, in attempts to recover from codependency, go from being overly passive or overly giving to being overly aggressive or excessively selfish. Many therapists maintain that finding a balance through healthy assertiveness (which leaves room for being a caring person and also engaging in healthy caring behavior) is true recovery from codependency and that becoming extremely selfish, a bully, or an otherwise conflict-addicted person is not. Developing a permanent stance of being a victim (having a victim mentality) would also not constitute true recovery from codependency and could be another example of going from one extreme to another. A victim mentality could also be seen as a part of one's original state of codependency (lack of empowerment causing one to feel like the "subject" of events rather than being an empowered actor). Someone truly recovered from codependency would feel empowered and like an author of their life and actions rather than being at the mercy of outside forces. A victim mentality may also occur in combination with passive–aggressive control issues. From the perspective of moving beyond victim-hood, the capacity to forgive and let go (with exception of cases of very severe abuse) could also be signs of real recovery from codependency, but the willingness to endure further abuse would not. Unresolved patterns of codependency can lead to more serious problems like alcoholism, drug addiction, eating disorders, sex addiction, psychosomatic illnesses, and other self-destructive or self- defeating behaviors."Codependence", in: Benjamin J. Sadock & Virginia A. Sadock (eds), Kaplan & Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry on CD, Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 7th ed. 2000, , . People with codependency are also more likely to attract further abuse from aggressive individuals (such as those with BPD or NPD), more likely to stay in stressful jobs or relationships, less likely to seek medical attention when needed and are also less likely to get promotions and tend to earn less money than those without codependency patterns. For some people, the social insecurity caused by codependency can progress into full-blown social anxiety disorders like social phobia, avoidant personality disorder or painful shyness. Other stress- related disorders like panic disorder, depression or PTSD may also be present. Controversy While Timmen Cermak, M.D., proposed that co-dependency be listed as a personality disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R; American Psychiatric Association, 1987), it was not accepted by the committee and, as such, no medical consensus exists on the definition of codependency. With no definition, the term is easily applicable to many behaviors and has been overused by some self-help authors and support communities. Some clinicians think that the term codependency has been overused by the general populace and labeling a patient as codependent can be confusing and may even shame them rather than help them focus on how their traumas shape their current relationships. Codependency is a theory. There is no evidence that codependence is caused by a disease process. Attachment theory may be a more helpful model for understanding and dealing with attachment in adults. Codependency does not refer to all caring behavior or feelings, but only those that are excessive to an unhealthy degree. Some scholars and treatment providers think that codependency is an overresponsibility and that overresponsibility needs to be understood as a positive impulse gone awry. Responsibility for relationships with others needs to coexist with responsibility to self. See also References Further reading * Cermak M.D, Timmen L., Diagnosing and Treating Co-Dependence: A Guide for Professionals Who Work with Chemical Dependents, Their Spouses, and Children (Professional Series), 1998, Hazelden Publishing, Minnesota, * CoDA, Co-Dependents Anonymous, 1997, CoDA Resource Publishing, Phoenix, * Beattie, Melody Codependent No More: How to Stop Controlling Others and Start Caring for Yourself, 1986, Hazelden, Minnesota, * Whitfield M.D., Charles L.,Healing The Child Within: Discovery and Recovery for Adult Children of Dysfunctional Families, 1987, Health Communications, Inc., Florida, * Lancer, Darlene, Conquering Shame and Codependency: 8 Steps to Freeing the True You, 2014, Hazelden, Minnesota, External links Category:Behavioural syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors Category:Interpersonal relationships Category:Narcissism Category:Borderline personality disorder Category:Duos "