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"Opening verse of matins Nocturns (Latin: nocturni or nocturna) in the liturgy of the Roman Rite are the sections into which the canonical hour of matins was divided from the fourth or fifth century until after the Second Vatican Council.Merriam-Webster DictionaryCollins English Dictionary A nocturn consisted of psalms accompanied by antiphons and followed by readings, which were taken either from Scripture or from the Church Fathers or similar writings. Matins was composed of one to three nocturns. Originating in a prayer service celebrated by early Christians at night, the liturgical office of matins was originally in Latin called vigilia (vigil, watch). The plural form, vigiliae (vigils, watches), also came into use. The Latin adjective nocturnus corresponds to English "nocturnal" and is attached to many different nouns, such as nocturnae horae (the hours of the night), nocturna tempora (nocturnal times), which are not necessarily connected with religion and are unrelated to the subject of this article. The phrase hora nocturna (night hour) may refer to the canonical hour of vigils or matins, but not to the individual nocturns into which vigils or matins may be divided. Pre-nocturn period The early-Christian custom of praying at night is mentioned by Tertullian (c. 155 – c. 240), who speaks of their "nocturnal convocations" and their "absence all the night long at the paschal solemnities" (nocturnae convocationes, sollemnibus Paschae abnoctantes)Tertullian, Ad uxorem, II,4 ; Latin text Cyprian (c. 200 – 258) also speaks of praying at night, but not of doing so as a group: "Let there be no failure of prayers in the hours of night — no idle and reckless waste of the occasions of prayer"(nulla sint horis nocturnis precum damna, nulla orationum pigra et ignava dispendia).Cyprian, De oratione dominica, 36 (near end); Latin text The Apostolic Tradition speaks of prayer at midnight and again at cockcrow, but seemingly as private, not communal, prayer.Robert F. Taft, The Liturgy of the Hours in East and West: The Origins of the Divine Office and Its Meaning for Today (Liturgical Press 1986), pp. 25–26 Prayer at midnight and at cockcrow was associated with passages in the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Mark.Taft (1986), p. 35 On the basis of the Gospel of Luke too, prayer at any time of the night was also seen as having eschatological significance.Taft (1986), p. 15 The quotation above from Tertullian refers to the all-night vigil service held at Easter. A similar service came to be held in the night that led to any Sunday. It corresponded in a way to the later early-night vespers, midnight vigil and dawn lauds and was sometimes referred to as three vigils or watches (vigiliae), as by Methodius of Olympus and Jerome.Fernand Cabrol, "Nocturns" in The Catholic Encyclopedia (New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911) vol. 11, pp. 87–88 By the fourth century this Sunday vigil had become a daily observance, but no longer lasted throughout the night. What had been an all- night vigil became a service only from cockcrow to before dawn.Lallou, William J. "Introduction to the Roman Breviary", Roman Breviary In English, Benziger Brothers, Inc, 1950 Saint Benedict wrote about it as beginning at about 2 in the morning ("the eighth hour of the night") and ending in winter well before dawn (leaving an interval in which the monks were to devote themselves to study or meditation) but having to be curtailed in summer in order to celebrate lauds at daybreak. Rise of the monastic cursus In the writings of John Cassian (c. 360–435) is found the earliest mention of dividing the vigil service into three parts, thus breaking the monotony of the long night prayer. The Peregrinatio ad loca sancta of about 380 still gave no evidence of any division of the office of vigils whether on Sundays or on weekdays. Statue of Saint Benedict of Nursia Saint Benedict of Nursia (480 – c. 543 or 547) gives a detailed description of the division of vigils into two parts (for which he does not use the name "nocturns") on ordinary days, and three on Sundays and feast-days. The term nocturnus (nocturnal) appears nine times in his Rule. As an adjective four times (chapters 9, 10, 16 and 43) qualifying vigiliae (vigils), once (chapter 9) qualifying psalmi (psalms), once (chapter 10) qualifying laus (praise), and once (chapter 42) qualifying hora (hour). It appears twice (chapters 15 and 17) in the plural form, nocturni, with no express mention of a qualified noun, and thus practically as itself a noun equivalent to vigiliae. Psalmi (psalms) may be the masculine plural noun that it was originally understood as qualifying. In chapter 17, the phrase used is nocturni vel matutini, mentioned in relation to the psalms of the two hours that were later called matins and lauds, as a prelude to speaking of the psalms in the six other canonical hours.Regula S.P.N. Benedicti Leonard J. Doyle's English version of the Rule of St Benedict translates horis nocturnis in chapter 42 as "the hours of the night", but elsewhere uses "the Night Office" to represent the entirety of each phrase in the Rule consisting of one of the nouns vigiliae, laus, hora, qualified by nocturnus; to render an isolated nocturnus in chapters 15 and 17; and to translate vigiliae wherever it appears unaccompanied by nocturnus. Nowhere does it use the word "nocturns".St Benedict's Rule for Monasteries The Rule of St Benedict laid down that on ordinary days, after the introductory psalms, there were two nocturns. The first consisted of six psalms followed by three reading, each of which was accompanied by a sung responsory. The second nocturn had another six psalms followed by a passage from Saint Paul recited by heart and by some prayers. In the shorter summer months the three readings of the first nocturn were replaced by an Old Testament passage recited by heart. Rule of St Benedict, chapters 9–10 (original Latin text); Doyle translation On Sundays, the monks rose earlier. The first nocturn had four readings instead of three, and the second nocturn also had four readings instead of recitation by heart of a passage of Saint Paul. Then followed a third nocturn, which instead of six psalms had three Old Testament canticles. These were followed by four readings from the New Testament and a reading by the abbot from the Gospels.Rule of St Benedict, chapter 11 (original Latin text); Doyle translation Roman practice Within the Carolingian Empire (800–888), a form of the liturgy of the hours, described by Amalarius, was imposed that can be called the "Roman-Benedictine Office".Anscar J. Chupungco (editor), Liturgical Time and Space (Liturgical Press 2000), p. 67Stanislaus Campbell, From Breviary to Liturgy of the Hours: The Structural Reform of the Roman Office, 1964-1971 (Liturgical Press 1995), p. 6 In this form, the first nocturn of the Sunday vigil or matins had twelve psalms sung in three groups of four psalms, each group treated as a single psalm with a single doxology at the end. This was followed by three readings, each with a responsory. In each of the other two nocturns the readings and responsories were also three, but each nocturn had only three individual psalms instead of three groups of four.Chapungco (2000), p. 68 The ferial vigil had only one nocturn, composed of six groups of two psalms, followed by three readings with their responsories.Margot E. Fassler, Rebecca A. Baltzer (editors), The Divine Office in the Latin Middle Ages (Oxford University Press 2000), p. 5 On the basis of the practice of the Roman Curia the texts and rubrics of the various books used for the celebration of the liturgy of the hours were combined at the beginning of the thirteenth century into the Breviarium secundum usum Romanae Curiae. A revision of this under Pope Honorius III was adopted by the Franciscans and by them popularized throughout Europe. It introduced many hymns but also led to celebration being spoken rather than sung.Chapungco (2000), pp. 69–71 It was the main basis of Pope Pius V's Roman Breviary of 1568, the contents of which became much more the private prayer of the clergy than the communal prayer of the Christian people, and the canonical hours became disassociated from particular times of the day.Chapungco (2000), pp. 74–76 This tendency of viewing the Liturgy of the Hours as edification and spiritual nourishment of individual clergy rather than a form of worship had been strengthened by the publication in 1535, and the widespread printing of the drastically modified breviary of Cardinal Francisco de Quiñones, which restored generally the weekly recitation of the whole psalter and the reading of the major part of the Bible in a year, but which provoked a reaction that led to the determination of the Council of Trent to restore a somewhat purified form of the previously existing form of the Liturgy of the Hours. It fell to Pope Pius V to put into effect the Council's desire.Campbell (1995), pp. 12–14 In the Roman Breviary as arranged by Pope Pius V in 1568, Sunday matins has three nocturns, the first with 12 independent psalms, the second and third with 3 psalms each, and each nocturn has 3 readings. Feasts of double or semidouble rank have 3 nocturns, each with 3 psalms and 3 readings.Rubricae Generales Breviarii, I,5; II,4 On a feast of simple rank, a feria or a vigil day, there is no division into nocturns and the 12 psalms and 3 readings are treated as a single nocturn.Rubricae Generales Breviarii, III,4; V,3; VI,4 In comparison with the post-Vatican II revision, the readings are very brief.For instance, Breviarium Romanum (Dessain 1861) In 1911 Pope Pius X introduced a radical revision of the psalter of the Roman Breviary. He ended many of the previous repetitions of the same psalms day after day. For instance, Psalms 148–150, which previously were said every day at the end of lauds and which may have given that hour the name of "lauds",Thomas Merton, Monastic Observances: Initiation into the Monastic Tradition (Liturgical Press 2010), p. 99 were each said only once in the week and no longer together. The longer psalms were divided into portions, which in many cases were assigned to different hours and days. In his completely new arrangement, matins always had nine psalms or portions of psalms, whether distributed in groups of three among three nocturns, each nocturn of which had three readings, or, on liturgically less important days, recited as a single group and followed by only three readings. It was planned to proceed also to a revision of the readings at matins in view of the excessive abbreviation of the scriptural readings and the inclusion of unhistorical content in the accounts of the saints. This revision was not in fact carried out until after the Second Vatican Council, but concrete work on it had already begun under Pope Pius XII.Campbell (1995), pp. 18 and 22–28 The 1960 Code of Rubrics of Pope John XXIII specified what celebrations had three nocturns: * Feasts of I or II class; * Ferias of the Triduum sacrum; * Octave Day of Christmas; * All Souls' Day.Ordo Divini Officii Recitandi Sacrique PeragendiThe New Rubrics of the Roman Breviary and Missal: Translation and CommentaryDivinum OfficiumCode des Rubriques – 1960 The Code of Rubrics removed the multiplicity of nocturns from matins of Sundays, apart from those that were I class feasts (Easter and Pentecost). This required a reduction in the number of readings. The three former scriptural readings were combined into two, and the first part of the homily in the previous third nocturn became the new third reading.Campbell (1995), p. 29 Abolition of nocturns With his apostolic constitution Laudis canticum of 1 November 1970, Pope Paul VI announced his revision of the Latin-Church Liturgy of the Hours, involving among other things distribution of the psalms over a period of four weeks instead of the previous arrangement whereby they were said within a single week. In line with the decision of the Second Vatican Council that matins, while retaining its character of nocturnal praise should become a prayer for any hour of the day, that canonical hour was renamed the Office of Readings and to it were assigned two substantial readings, one from Scripture, the second from the Fathers of the Church or other writers, and only three psalms or portions of psalms. This contrasted strongly with the arrangement to which the Rule of Saint Benedict gave witness: twelve complete psalms, to which on Sundays three canticles were added. In the Benedictine system, the psalms and the readings were distributed among two or three nocturns. Between Benedict and Paul VI the two-nocturns arrangement had been done away with, and on days when matins was not divided into three nocturns it was spoken of as being of a single "nocturn". With the reform of Paul VI, the term "nocturns", whether in the singular or the plural form, ceased to be used. Notes Category:Major hours "
"WCR can refer to: * West Clare Railway, a former railway in Ireland, now a heritage railway * West Coast Railway (Victoria), railway operator in Australia * West Cross Route in London * working capital requirement * World Cancer Research, a charity which funds cancer research projects * World Classic Rockers, a rock band featuring former members of Steppenwolf * WCR (Radio Station), a radio station in the West Country * World Championship Rugby, a 2004 rugby union video game See also * West Coast Railway (disambiguation) "
"is a well known Japanese master of karate and kobudo (traditional weaponry).Clayton, B. D., Horowitz, R., & Pollard, E. (2004): Shotokan's secret: The hidden truth behind Karate's fighting origins (p. 108). Black Belt Books. ()Japan Karate-Do Genbu-Kai International: Sensei Demura at a glance ... (c. 2007). Retrieved on March 3, 2010. He was Pat Morita's martial arts stunt double in the first, third and fourth Karate Kid films.USA Dojo: Shihan Fumio Demura (c. 2009). Retrieved on March 3, 2010. Demura holds the rank of 9th dan in Shitō-ryū Karate. Early life Demura was born on September 15, 1938, in Yokohama, Japan. At the age of 9 (1947/48), he began training in karate and kendo under an instructor named Asano. At the age of 12 (1950/51) he started training under Ryusho Sakagami in Itosu-kai karate. Demura received his 1st dan black belt in 1956, and won the East Japan Championships in 1957. In 1959, he began training in kobudo, a style of Okinawan weapons training, under the direction of Taira Shinken. In 1963, he "came to know the Koga Ryu Ninjutsu Soke, Seiko Fujita- a 14th Generation Koga Ryu Ninja - personally" (quote attributed to Fumio Demura himself). Demura met martial arts scholar Donn Draeger, who introduced him to Dan Ivan, who would eventually bring him to the United States of America as a karate instructor. United States of America In 1965, Demura came to the United States, representing the Japan Karate-do Itosu-kai. From his base in southern California, he became well known for his karate and kobudo skills. In 1971, he was ranked 5th dan,Demura, F. (1971): Shito-Ryu Karate (p. 4). Burbank, CA: Ohara. () and he remained at that rank until at least 1982.Demura, F. (1982): Tonfa: Karate weapon of self- defense (p. 5). Burbank, CA: Ohara. () Through the 1970s and 1980s, Demura wrote several martial arts books, including: Shito-Ryu Karate (1971),Demura, F. (1971): Shito-Ryu Karate. Burbank, CA: Ohara. () Advanced nunchaku (1976, co-authored),Demura, F., & Ivan, D. (1976): Advanced nunchaku. Burbank, CA: Ohara. () Tonfa: Karate weapon of self-defense (1982),Demura, F. (1982): Tonfa: Karate weapon of self-defense. Burbank, CA: Ohara. () Nunchaku: Karate weapon of self-defense (1986),Demura, F. (1986): Nunchaku: Karate weapon of self-defense. Burbank, CA: Ohara. () Bo: Karate weapon of self-defense (1987),Demura, F. (1987): Bo: Karate weapon of self-defense. Burbank, CA: Ohara. () and Sai: Karate weapon of self-defense (1987).Demura, F. (1987): Sai: Karate weapon of self-defense. Burbank, CA: Ohara. () In the 1980s, Demura became involved in the Karate Kid series of films. He was the stunt double for Pat Morita, who played Mr. Miyagi. Demura has appeared in several films and documentaries, including: The Warrior within (1976),IMDb: The Warrior within (1976) – Full cast and crew Retrieved on March 4, 2010. The Island of Dr. Moreau (1977), The Karate Kid (1984), The Karate Kid Part III (1989),IMDb: The Karate Kid Part III (1989) – Full cast and crew Retrieved on March 3, 2010. Shootfighter: Fight to the death (1992),IMDb: Shootfighter – Fight to the death (1992) – Full cast and crew Retrieved on March 4, 2010. Rising Sun (1993),IMDb: Rising Sun (1993) – Full cast and crew Retrieved on March 4, 2010. The Next Karate Kid (1994),IMDb: The next Karate Kid (1994) – Full cast and crew Retrieved on March 4, 2010. Masters of the martial arts (1998, presented by Wesley Snipes),IMDb: Masters of the martial arts (1998) Retrieved on March 4, 2010. Mystic origins of the martial arts (1998),IMDb: Mystic origins of the martial arts (1998) Retrieved on March 4, 2010. Modern warriors (2002),IMDb: Modern warriors (2002) Retrieved on March 4, 2010. XMA: Xtreme Martial Arts (2003),IMDb: XMA – Xtreme Martial Arts (2003) Retrieved on March 4, 2010. and Ninja (2009).IMDb: Ninja (2009) – Full cast and crew Retrieved on March 4, 2010. Demura is the subject of the 2015 documentary "The Real Miyagi".IMDb: The Real Miyagi (2015) Retrieved on March 16, 2016. In 1986, Demura was promoted to 7th dan in Shito-ryū karate. In 2001, he was expelled from the Itosu-kai,Karate World: Fumio Demura expelled from Itosu-kai (November 1, 2001). Retrieved on March 3, 2010. and became the Director of Shito-ryū Karate-do Genbu-kai. In 2005, he was promoted to 9th dan. He currently resides in Santa Ana, California.Demura, F. (2006): Fumio Demura resume (June 6, 2006). Retrieved on March 3, 2010. In October 2010, Demura performed for the United States Martial Arts Festival, hosted by Koyamada International Foundation (KIF) at the Redondo Beach Performing Arts Center in Redondo Beach, California. References External links * * Category:Living people Category:1938 births Category:American stunt performers Category:Japanese emigrants to the United States Category:Japanese male karateka Category:Karate coaches Category:Shitō-ryū practitioners Category:Martial arts writers Category:Sportspeople from Santa Ana, California Category:Sportspeople from Yokohama Category:American people of Japanese descent Category:American sportspeople of Japanese descent "