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"James David MacDonald (28 June 1917 - 6 March 1989) was an Australian politician. Born in Bathurst, MacDonald married Valdree Mae Drewe, with whom he had three sons. He enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force in 1940, serving in New Guinea and the South Pacific until he was discharged in 1946. On his return he founded J. D. MacDonald Engineering Company, of which he was chairman and managing director. In 1955 he was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly as the Liberal member for Burwood, transferring to Glen Iris in 1967. He served as a parliamentary secretary from 1955 to 1976 and Chairman of Committees from 1969 to 1970. He left politics in 1976. References Category:1917 births Category:1989 deaths Category:Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Victoria Category:Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly Category:Australian Army soldiers Category:20th-century Australian politicians "
"Hemigrammocypris rasborella, the golden venus chub,Takeuchi, Tokuda, Kanagawa, and Hosoya (2011). Cephalic lateral line canal system of the golden venus chub, Hemigrammocypris rasborella (Teleostei: Cypriniformes). Ichthyological Research 58(2): 175–179. is a species of cyprinid fish endemic to the islands of Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu in Japan. It is found widely in lowland habitats, including ditches and ponds.Onikura, Nakajima, Kouno, Sugimoto, and Kaneto (2010). Maturation and Growth in the Wild Population of Hemigrammocypris rasborella. Aquaculture Sci. 58(2): 297-298. It is listed as endangered on the Japanese Red List.Takaku, and Hosoya (2008). Artificial propagation of a small endangered cyprinid, Golden Venus Chub Hemigrammocypris rasborella Fowler. Aquaculture Science 56(1): 13-18. H. rasborella is the only species in its genus, but there are significant genetic differences between some populations, comparable to those generally seen between closely related species.Watanabe, Mori, Tanaka, Kanagawa, Itai, Kitamura, Suzuki, Tominaga, Kakioka, Tabata, Abe, Tashiro, Hashimoto, Nakajima, and Onikura (2014). Genetic population structure of Hemigrammocypris rasborella (Cyprinidae) inferred from mtDNA sequences. Ichthyological Research 61(4): 352–360. It reaches up to in length, but typically is .Podwodne Krolestwo (10 February 2017): Hemigrammocypris rasborella. Retrieved 17 March 2017. It is a short- lived species that typically reaches an age of about one year. It is listed as endangered in the Red List of Threatened Fishes of Japan. References External links Category:Cyprinid fish of Asia Category:Freshwater fish of Japan Category:Fish described in 1910 "
"Clarifying agents are used to remove suspended solids from liquids by inducing flocculation (the solids begin to aggregate forming flakes, which either precipitate to the bottom or float to the surface of the liquid, and then they can be removed or collected). Process Particles finer than 0.1 µm (10−7m) in water remain continuously in motion due to electrostatic charge (often negative) which causes them to repel each other. Once their electrostatic charge is neutralized by the use of a coagulant chemical, the finer particles start to collide and agglomerate (collect together) under the influence of Van der Waals forces. These larger and heavier particles are called flocs. Flocculants, or flocculating agents (also known as flocking agents), are chemicals that promote flocculation by causing colloids and other suspended particles in liquids to aggregate, forming a floc. Flocculants are used in water treatment processes to improve the sedimentation or filterability of small particles. For example, a flocculant may be used in swimming pool or drinking water filtration to aid removal of microscopic particles which would otherwise cause the water to be turbid (cloudy) and which would be difficult or impossible to remove by filtration alone. Many flocculants are multivalent cations such as aluminium, iron, calcium or magnesium. These positively charged molecules interact with negatively charged particles and molecules to reduce the barriers to aggregation. In addition, many of these chemicals, under appropriate pH and other conditions such as temperature and salinity, react with water to form insoluble hydroxides which, upon precipitating, link together to form long chains or meshes, physically trapping small particles into the larger floc. Long-chain polymer flocculants, such as modified polyacrylamides, are manufactured and sold by the flocculant producing business. These can be supplied in dry or liquid form for use in the flocculation process. The most common liquid polyacrylamide is supplied as an emulsion with 10-40% actives and the rest is a non-aqueous carrier fluid, surfactants and latex. This form allows easy handling of viscous polymers at high concentrations. These emulsion polymers require "activation" - inversion of the emulsion so that the polymers molecules form an aqueous solution. Agents *alum *aluminium chlorohydrate *aluminium sulphate *calcium oxide *calcium hydroxide *iron(II) sulphate (ferrous sulphate) *iron(III) chloride (ferric chloride) *polyacrylamide *polyDADMAC *sodium aluminate *sodium silicate The following natural products are used as flocculants:P. Somasundaran "Encyclopedia of surface and colloid science, Volume 7, pp 4980-4982." * Chitosan * Isinglass * Moringa oleifera seeds (Horseradish Tree) * Gelatin * Strychnos potatorum seeds (Nirmali nut tree) * Guar gum * Alginates (brown seaweed extracts) See also * Finings * Clarification and stabilization of wine * Particle aggregation * Flocculation * Coagulation References Category:Water treatment Category:Food science "