❤️ PSA 🔥

"PSA, PsA, Psa, or psa may refer to: Transportation * PSA Airlines, a subsidiary of American Airlines Group * Pisa International Airport, Pisa, Italy, IATA code PSA * Pacific Southwest Airlines, US, 1949 to 1988, ICAO code PSA * Penn Station Access, a planned New York City rail upgrade * Groupe PSA, a French multinational automobile manufacturer, PSA being short for Peugeot Société Anonyme Biology * Primary systemic amyloidosis, a disease caused by the accumulation of abnormal proteins * Prostate-specific antigen, an enzyme used as a blood tracer for prostate cancer * Psoriatic arthritis (PsA), an inflammatory disease * Pseudomonas aeruginosa * Pseudomonas syringae pv actinidiae, a pathovar of a bacterium that attacks kiwifruit Chemistry * Polar surface area, the surface sum over all polar atoms of a molecule * Pressure swing adsorption, a technology for purifying gases Computing * Plesk Server Administrator, a commercial web hosting automation program * Professional services automation software, a project and resource management suite * PSA Certified, a security certification used by Internet of Things services and devices Contracts, legislation, and government * Passenger Vessel Services Act of 1886 or Passenger Services Act, US * Primary statistical area, a collective term for metropolitan, micropolitan, and combined statistical areas * Problem-solution approach, an approach for assessing inventive step at the European Patent Office * Production sharing agreement, a contract between a government and a resource extraction company * Public service agreement, UK government department targets for 3-year period * Purchase and sale agreement, an agreement between a buyer and a seller * Public Safety Act, a law in Jammu and Kashmir Organizations = World- wide scope = * Pacific Science Association * Pacific Sociological Association * Philosophy of Science Association * Pro Snowboarders Association * Professional Skaters Association * Professional Squash Association = Pertaining to former Public Securities Association = * PSA prepayment model, developed in 1985 * Successor organizations: :* Bond Market Association (starting 1997) :* Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (since 2006) = Specific to large English-speaking countries = * Australia: ** Pharmaceutical Society of Australia ** Public Schools Association, Perth ** Public Service Association of NSW, a trade union ** The Salvation Army, Parramatta * United Kingdom: ** Phone-paid Services Authority ** Political Studies Association, for academics ** Professional Standards Authority for Health and Social Care ** Property Services Agency, former government agency * United States: ** Partnership for a Secure America ** Photographic Society of America ** Pi Sigma Alpha, college honor society for political science ** Poultry Science Association = Other country-specific organizations = *Parti Solidaire Africain (Democratic Republic of the Congo), defunct political party * New Zealand Public Service Association, trade union * PSA BPOL a specialised police unit within the Federal Police of Germany *Petroleum Safety Authority Norway, governmental supervisory authority * Palestinian Scout Association * Philippine Statistics Authority * Philippine Support Association, raising credit for the poor * Polish Society of Actuaries *PSA International (Singapore), formerly Port of Singapore Authority *Public Servants Association of South Africa, trade union *Partido Socialista de Andalucía (Spain), former name of the Andalusian Party *Socialist Party of Aragon (Partido Socialista de Aragón), a now defunct Spanish political party *Authentic Socialist Party (Argentina), Partido Socialista Auténtico *Public Services Association (Trinidad and Tobago), a trade union Other uses * Penal substitution, a theory of atonement in Christianity * Autonomous Socialist Party (disambiguation) * Pisa language or Asue Awyu, ISO 639-3 code psa * Piscis Austrinus (Southern Fish) constellation, IAU abbreviation PsA * Power Station of Art, a contemporary art museum in Shanghai, China * Pressure- sensitive adhesive * "PSA", title to an earlier version of the R.E.M. song "Bad Day" * PSA prepayment model, developed by the Public Securities Association * Public service announcement * Public Storage stock ticker "

❤️ Scop 🔥

"A ' ( or http://oed.com/view/Entry/172966?redirectedFrom=scop# "Pronunciation: /ʃɒp/ /skɒp/" Retrieved 06FEB2011.) was a poet as represented in Old English poetry. The scop is the Old English counterpart of the Old Norse ', with the important difference that "skald" was applied to historical persons, and scop is used, for the most part, to designate oral poets within Old English literature. Very little is known about the mythical scop, and its historical existence is questioned by some scholars. Functions The scop, like the similar gleeman, was a reciter of poetry. The scop, however, was typically attached to a court on a relatively permanent basis. There, he most likely received rich gifts for his performances. The performances often featured the recitation of recognisable texts such as the "old pagan legends of the Germanic tribes." However, the scop's duties also included composing his own poetry in different situations, the eulogizing of his master. While some scops moved from court to court, they were (generally speaking) less nomadic than the gleemen and had positions of greater security. Etymology Old English ' and its cognate Old High German ' (glossing ' and '; also ') may be related to the verb ' "to create, form" (Old Norse ', Old High German '; Modern English shape), from Proto-Germanic ' "form, order" (from a PIE ' "cut, hack"), perfectly parallel to the notion of craftsmanship expressed by the Greek ' itself;suggested e.g. by Alexander 1966 Köbler (1993, p. 220) suggests that the West Germanic word may indeed be a calque of Latin '. Scop, ', and relationship to scold While ' became English scoff, the Old Norse ' lives on in a Modern English word of a similarly deprecating meaning, scold. There is a homonymous Old High German ' meaning "abuse, derision" (Old Norse ', meaning "mocking, scolding", whence scoff), a third meaning "tuft of hair", and yet another meaning "barn" (cognate to English shop). They may all derive from a Proto-Germanic '. The association with jesting or mocking was, however, strong in Old High German. There was a ' glossing both ' and ' and a ' glossing ' and '. ', on the other hand, is of a higher register, glossing '. The words involving jesting are derived from another root, Proto-Indo-European *- "push, thrust", related to English shove, shuffle, and the Oxford English Dictionary favours association of ' with that root. The question cannot be decided formally since the Proto-Germanic forms coincided in zero grade, and by the time of the surviving sources (from the late 8th century), the association with both roots may have influenced the word for several centuries. It is characteristic of the Germanic tradition of poetry that the sacred or heroic cannot be separated from the ecstatic or drunken state and so crude jesting (compare the Lokasenna, where the poet humorously depicts the gods themselves as quarrelsome and malicious), qualities summed up in the concept of ', the namegiving attribute of the god of poetry, '. Mystery of Anglo-Saxon scop Professor of Literature at University of California San Diego, Seth Lerer, suggests, "What we have come to think of as the inherently 'oral' quality of Old English Poetry... [may] be a literary fiction of its own." Early English scholars have different opinions on whether or not the Anglo-Saxon oral poet ever really existed. Much of the poetry that survives does have an oral quality to it, but some scholars argue that it is a trait carried over from an earlier Germanic period. If, as some critics believe, the idea of the Anglo-Saxon oral poet is based on the Old Norse Skald, it can be seen as a link to the heroic past of the Germanic peoples. There is no proof that the "scop" existed, and it could be a literary device allowing poetry to give an impression of orality and performance. This poet figure recurs throughout the literature of the period, whether real or not. Examples are the poems Widsith and Deor, in the Exeter Book, which draw on the idea of the mead-hall poet of the heroic age and, along with the anonymous heroic poem Beowulf express some of the strongest poetic connections to oral culture in the literature of the period. Further reading * Frank, Roberta. The Search for the Anglo-Saxon Oral Poet. Bulletin of the John Rylands University of Manchester, 1993. 75:11-36 * Niles, John D.. "The Myth of the Anglo-Saxon Poet." Western Folklore 62.1/2(2003): 7-61. Print. * O'Brien O'Keeffe, Katherine. Visible Song: Transitional Literacy in Old English Verse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Print * Pasternack, Carol Braun. The Textuality of Old English Poetry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Print. * Bahn, Eugene, and Margaret L. Bahn. "Medieval Period." A History of Oral Interpretation. Minneapolis: Burgess Pub., 1970. 49-83. Print. See also *Anglo-Saxon literature *Alliterative verse *Sumbel *Bard *Bragi References * *Köbler, Gerhard, Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th edition (1993) Category:Anglo-Saxon paganism Category:Anglo-Saxon society Category:Old English poetry Category:Poets Category:Entertainment occupations "

❤️ The Annual Register 🔥

"The Annual Register (originally subtitled "A View of the History, Politicks and Literature of the Year ...") is a long-established reference work, written and published each year, which records and analyses the year's major events, developments and trends throughout the world. It was first written in 1758 under the editorship of Edmund Burke, and has been produced continuously since that date. In its current form the first half of the book comprises articles on each of the world's countries or regions, while the latter half contains articles on international organisations, economics, the environment, science, law, religion, the arts and sport, together with obituaries, a chronicle of major events and selected documents. In addition to being produced annually in hardback, the book is also published electronically, and its entire 250-year archive is available online from its publisher, ProQuest. Edmund Burke and the creation of The Annual Register The Annual Register was created in 1758 by the publishers James and Robert Dodsley. On 24 April 1758 the Dodsley brothers signed a contract with Edmund Burke (1729–97) to write and edit the material for The Annual Register, which was conceived as an annual publication which would review the history, politics and literature of the day. Born in Ireland, Burke had trained as a lawyer before abandoning this field and turning to writing. He was an up-and-coming member of the intelligentsia and had already written several notable works, published by Dodsley. According to his contract with Dodsley, Burke was paid £100 per annum as editor of The Annual Register.Thomas W. Copeland, Edmund Burke: Six Essays (London, 1950), p. 94. In its original form, The Annual Register comprised a long historical essay on the “History of the Present War” (the Seven Years' War 1756–63), a Chronology, which gave an account of interesting and noteworthy events in Britain over the previous year, and a collection of “State Papers”, a miscellany of primary source material which included official documents, speeches, letters and accounts. In his preface to the 1758 volume Burke noted the difficulties he had faced in writing the history section of the book. Taking the “broken and unconnected materials” and creating from them “one connected narrative” had been, he commented, “a work of more labour than may at first appear”.The Annual Register, for the year 1758, p. iii. Nevertheless, his perseverance and skill as an historian meant that by the time of its publication the first volume of The Annual Register contained a unique, contemporaneous account of the war, analysing its origins and development with a perspective not readily available at the time in newspapers or magazines. As a result, the book sold widely, with the first volume going through five editions in its first 10 years.T.O. McLoughlin, Edmund Burke and the First Ten Years of the Annual Register 1758–1767 (Salisbury, 1975), p. 8. Given the conventions of the day, within which journalism was seen as a disreputable profession for a gentleman, Burke was publicly reticent about his connection with The Annual Register. However, his biographers are in agreement that Burke wrote and edited the book single-handedly until 1765, when he entered Parliament. From this time Thomas English was closely involved in writing the book and is regarded by some authorities as having taken over the editorship from Burke in that year.William B. Todd, A Bibliographical Account of the Annual Register, 1758–1825 (London, 1961), p. 106. Scholars are divided on the question of Burke's association with the book thereafter, although many suggest that he continued to contribute to the history section and that he played a significant role in overseeing The Annual Registers compilation until the 1790s, even though much of the editorial work by this stage was being done by others.McLoughlin, p. 52. Competing editions By the 1760s The Annual Register had established itself as amongst the most respected journals in print. However, the immense scale of the work meant that its early years were characterised by frequent delays in publication and a chaotic period in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries when there were two competing versions of the title, each claiming to be its legitimate incarnation. Having been created in 1758, The Annual Register was published by the Dodsley brothers until 1763 and, following Robert Dodsley's death, by James Dodsley alone until 1790. The sequence of Dodsley volumes was confused, however, by the practice of falsely dating a number of first editions in order to conceal the increasing delays (on occasions up to three years) between the year of publication and the year of the events described within a particular volume. A number of reprints and “counterfeit firsts” were also issued during the Dodsley period.Todd, p. 107. Following the publication of the 1790 volume in December 1793, Dodsley disposed of The Annual Register. He sold the stock and copyright of the volumes already issued to Messrs Otridge and assigned responsibility for future volumes to another publisher, Rivington. Under the new publisher the delays increased further, with the 1792 volume of the “Genuine” Annual Register not appearing until September 1798 (three months after the death of Thomas English) and the 1793 volume not being printed until July 1806. During this period Otridge produced volumes of its own “Original” Annual Register, covering the missing years and selling them at 8 shillings, compared with the 13 shillings charged by Rivington. Faced with this competition from a rival with greater resources, Rivington attempted to make good the arrears while also bringing out subsequent volumes more promptly. Some ground was recovered, although a number of years had still not been produced (1813–19) when Rivington finally went into partnership with Baldwin Craddock and Joy, a publisher which had already acquired a major share of Otridge in 1815. Thus, from the 1825 edition (produced in 1826) the competing Annual Registers were combined by Baldwin and Co. into a single title.Todd, pp. 104, 108. Subsequent developments During the remainder of the nineteenth century The Annual Register was published without major difficulty. Following the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, it had adopted a format which gave a number of chapters to the history of Britain and followed closely the proceedings of Parliament. There followed chapters covering other countries in turn, no longer confined only to Europe. Its expanded history section meant that there was less of the miscellaneous material which had characterised its earlier volumes. Nevertheless, poetry remained included until 1862 and the book continued to reflect topical issues of the day. In 1947 The Annual Register acquired an advisory board for the first time consisting of the then editor, Ivison Macadam, the assistant editor, Hugh Latimer, and five representatives nominated by: the English Association, the Arts Council of Great Britain, the British Association for the Advancement of Science, the Royal Institute of International Affairs, and the Royal Historical Society. Explaining this innovation, Macadam stated in the preface to the 1947 volume that it was “a recognition of the need for specialisation in these complicated times”.The Annual Register, vol. 189, (London, 1948), p. ix. In 1994, after a century's ownership by Longman, The Annual Register was transferred to Cartermill. In 1996 it was sold to a US publisher, Keesing's Worldwide, which oversaw the process of digitising the book's extensive archive and making this available for the first time to subscribers. In late 2005 the title was bought by another US publisher, Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, which subsequently became ProQuest. =List of editors= Although it is agreed that Edmund Burke was the first editor of The Annual Register and held the post from 1758 to 1765, the date upon which he relinquished the editorship is uncertain. It is only possible to record with accuracy those editors of the book from the modern period. The following list shows which volumes were produced by specific editors. * M. Epstein (1922–1945) * H.T. Montague Bell (1946) * Ivison S. Macadam (1947–1972) * Harry Hodson (1973–1987) * Alan J. Day (1988–1999) * D.S. Lewis (2000–2009) * D.S. Lewis & Wendy Slater (2010–present) The Annual Register today Cover of The Annual Register of 1974 =Editorial aims= The Annual Register in its current form aims to provide an authoritative, accurate, and interesting summary of the history of the year. This includes charting the immediate history of individual countries and also covering developments across a broad spectrum of science and the humanities. It aims to maintain The Annual Register’s traditional role as a well-respected reference work, while also providing an interesting and lively read. =Modern format= The Annual Register begins with an overview of the year, a thought-provoking essay by an established modern historian. In recent years, the authors of this article have included Paul Rogers, Anatol Lieven, Philip M.H. Bell, M.R.D. Foot, Richard Overy, and J.M. Roberts. There then follow articles on each country (or group of countries) in the world, ranging from a few hundred to 10,000 words in length. The second half of the book contains articles on major international and regional organisations, and essays on various topics. These include developments in the international economy, science and the environment, law and religion, and the arts and sport. The final sections of the book contain selected documents and statistics, an obituary section, and a day-by-day chronicle of the year’s events. A number of maps and colour photographs are included to illustrate the year’s key stories. =Contributors= Each article is written by an expert in that field. Of the ninety or so contributors, some of whom have written for The Annual Register for 40 years, the vast majority are academics or journalists. Although the contributors are scattered throughout the world, the publisher invites them to an annual dinner, which serves as a forum for discussion of the book, and at which a traditional toast “to the immortal memory of Edmund Burke” is still drunk in port, after the meal. =Advisory board members= The current advisory board of The Annual Register consists of the joint editors (D.S. Lewis and Wendy Slater), and the following luminaries, who are nominated by various learned societies. *Chairman: Alastair Niven, LVO, OBE, Fellow, Harris Manchester College, University of Oxford (nominated by the British Council) *Mark Furneaux, formerly Managing Director, European Operations, CSA (nominated by the chairman) *Richard O'Brien (nominated by the Royal Economic Society) *David Reynolds, FBA, Professor of International History, University of Cambridge (nominated by the Royal Historical Society) *Caroline Soper, Series editor, Insights (nominated by the Royal Institute of International Affairs) *Neil Weir, FRCS, consultant otolaryngologist (nominated by the Royal Society of Medicine) *Lorelly Wilson, FRSC, MBE, honorary teaching fellow, University of Manchester (nominated by the British Science Association) The annual board meetings are also attended by representatives of the publisher. =Current editors= The current editor is D.S. Lewis. He studied history and economics at Manchester University, and took his PhD there in 1983. In 1987 he published Illusions of Grandeur: Mosley, Fascism and British Society (MUP), and from 1997 to 2007 he served as editor of Keesing’s Record of World Events. He became chairman of the Advisory Board of The Annual Register in 1999 but stepped down in the following year upon becoming the book's editor. The deputy editor is Wendy Slater. She read Russian at the University of Cambridge and Soviet studies at Manchester. After several years in journalism she obtained her PhD from Cambridge in 1998, and from 1999 to 2003 was lecturer in Russian contemporary history at the UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies (SSEES), a post which she left after becoming deputy editor of The Annual Register in 2002. In 2007, she published The Many Deaths of Nicholas II: Relics, remains and the Romanovs (Routledge). =Current publisher= The Annual Register is currently published by ProQuest. The company (then called CSA) bought the title in late 2005 from Keesing's Worldwide. =Winner of 2008 reference award= In 2008 the board of judges of the Specialized Information Publishers Association (SIPA) awarded The Annual Register the 2008 Best Reference Publication prize for its "editorial excellence". =Online archive= The entire archive of The Annual Register is currently available to subscribers online. This includes every volume published since 1758 and is updated annually when each new volume is completed. Each page has been scanned. Text has been captured through OCR (optical character recognition) for the earlier volumes, while recent volumes have text taken directly from the files used for the print publication. The online version includes contents tables and indexes to enable users to browse individual volumes. It also allows for keyword searches within the whole text. The Edmund Burke Lectures Since 2011, the publisher has hosted a yearly lecture by a person eminent in one of the fields covered by The Annual Register. The lecture is delivered before an invited audience, at the London headquarters of one of the institutions that nominate members of the Advisory Board. =The Edmund Burke lecturers 2011–2017= *Eugene Rogan, Professor of Modern Middle Eastern History, University of Oxford. **"After 2011: The New Middle East" *Paul Rogers, Professor of Peace Studies, Bradford University. **"The Limits of Foreign Military Intervention" *Jeremy Farrar, Director, the Wellcome Trust. **"Global Health: Challenges and Opportunities" *Sir Paul Nurse, Chief Executive and Director, the Francis Crick Institute. **"Trust in Science" *Sir Ciarán Devane, Chief Executive, the British Council. **"Reflections on the Revolution in Britain: Brexit, Identity, and the United Kingdom’s Place in the World" *David Reynolds, Professor of International History, University of Cambridge **"Reflections on the Revolutions in Russia, 1917-2017" See also *The Statesman's Yearbook *New Annual Register References Further reading * Murdoch, David H. ed. Rebellion in America: A Contemporary British Viewpoint, 1769-1783 (1979), 900+ pp of annotated excerpts from Annual Register Full text online free * 1763 * 1773 * 1774 * 1775 * 1776 * 1777 * 1778 * 1779 * 1780 * 1781 * 1782 * 1783 * 1790 * 1792 * 1902 External links * annual editions from Hathitrust, 1758-1907 *Annual Register online archive, subscription only *Review of 2006 volume *The Annual Register's 1871 book review of Charles Darwin's Descent of Man *History of The Annual Register, 1758–1839 Category:History journals Category:Publications established in 1758 Category:1758 establishments in Great Britain Category:Annual publications Category:Edmund Burke "