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"Thomas de Mahy Thomas de Mahy, marquis de Favras (March 26, 1744 – February 19, 1790) was a French aristocrat and supporter of the House of Bourbon during the French Revolution. Often seen as a martyr of the Royalist cause, Favras was executed for his part in "planning against the people of France" under the Comte de Provence. He is known for his last words, "I see that you have made three spelling mistakes", upon the reading of his death sentence warrant. Career Born in Favras near Blois, he belonged to an impoverished family whose nobility dated from the 12th century. At seventeen he was a captain of dragoons, and saw some service in the closing campaign of the Seven Years' War. In 1772 he became a first lieutenant in the Swiss Guards of King Louis XVI's younger brother, the Comte de Provence. Unable to meet the expenses of his rank, which was equivalent to that of a colonel in the army, he retired in 1775. In 1776, Favras married Victoria Hedwig Karoline, Princess of Anhalt- Bernburg-Schaumburg, whose mother, after being deserted by her husband Karl Louis, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym in 1749, had found refuge with her daughter in the house of Charles de Rohan, prince de Soubise. After his marriage, Favras went to Vienna to attempt the restitution of his wife's rights, and spent some time in Warsaw. In 1787 he was authorized to raise a "patriotic legion" to help the Dutch Republic against the Stadtholder William V and his Prussian allies. Returning to Paris in 1789, he became involved in Royalist plans initiated by his former employer, the Comte de Provence, to save the King and end the French Revolution. In order to finance this venture, Provence (using one of his gentlemen, the Comte de la Châtre, as an intermediary) commissioned Favras to negotiate a loan of 2,000,000 French francs from the bankers Schaumel and Sartorius. Arrest, trial, and execution It was stated in a leaflet circulated throughout Paris on 23 December 1789 that Favras had been hired by the Comte de Provence to organize an elaborate plot against the people of France. In this plot, the King, Queen and their children were to be rescued from the Tuileries Palace and spirited out of the country. Then the Comte de Provence was to be declared regent of the kingdom with absolute power. Simultaneously, a force of 30,000 soldiers was to encircle Paris. In the ensuing confusion, the city's three main liberal leaders (Jacques Necker, the popular Finance Minister of France, Jean Sylvain Bailly, the mayor of Paris, and the Marquis de La Fayette, the commander of the city's new National Guard) were to be assassinated. Afterwards, the revolutionary city was to be starved into submission by cutting off its food supplies. As a consequence of the leaflet, Favras and his wife were arrested the next day, and imprisoned in the Abbaye Prison. Terrified of the consequences of the arrest, the Comte de Provence hastened to publicly disavow Favras, in a speech delivered before the Commune of Paris, and in a letter to the National Constituent Assembly. A fortnight after the arrest, Favras and his wife were separated, and Favras was removed to the Grand Châtelet. In the course of a trial that lasted nearly two months, witnesses disagreed about the facts concerning the case and evidence was lacking. Even Sylvain Maréchal, the anarchist editor of the republican newspaper Révolutions de Paris, admitted that the evidence against Favras was insufficient. However, an armed attempt to free him by some Royalists on January 26, which was thwarted by La Fayette, aroused the suspicion of the Parisians, and on February 18, 1790, in spite of a notable defense plea, Favras was sentenced to be hanged. After he had previously implicated others in the conspiracy (most notably, the Comte d'Antraigues), Favras offered to give further information to the authorities on the plot's details and participants if reprieved but, denied that, refused to reveal more. His sentence was carried out in the Place de Grève the next day - a measure which was received with enthusiasm by members of the Parisian population, since it was the first instance when no distinction in the mode of execution was allowed between noble and commoner. Upon the reading of his death warrant, he remarked, "I see that you have made three spelling mistakes." Legacy Favras was generally regarded as a martyr to the Royalist cause for his refusal to implicate the Comte de Provence, and Madame de Favras was given a pension by Louis XVI. She left France, and her son Charles de Favras served in the Habsburg and the Imperial Russian armies. Under the Bourbon Restoration, Charles received an allowance from Louis XVIII. Her daughter Caroline married Rudiger, Freiherr von Stillfried und Rathenitz in 1805. The official dossier of Favras' trial for high treason against the nation disappeared from the Châtelet, but its substance is preserved in the papers of a clerk. References * Category:1744 births Category:1790 deaths Category:People from Loir-et-Cher Category:Executed military personnel Category:French military personnel Category:Marquesses of Favras Category:People executed by France by hanging Category:People executed for treason against France Category:Executed French people Category:People executed during the French Revolution Category:French military personnel of the Seven Years' War Category:French monarchists Category:Executed people from Centre-Val de Loire "
"US military-issued duffel bags A duffel bag, duffle bag, or kit bag is a large bag made of natural or synthetic fabric (typically canvas), historically with a top closure using a drawstring. Generally a duffel bag is used by non- commissioned personnel in the military, and for travel, sports and recreation by civilians. When used by sailors or marines a duffel is known as a seabag. A duffel's open structure and lack of rigidity makes it adaptable to carrying sports gear and similar bulky objects. A duffel bag is often confused with a hoop-handled hard-bottomed zippered bag, known generically as a gym bag. History The name comes from Duffel, a town in Flanders, Belgium, where the thick duffel cloth used to make the bag originated in the 17th century.The Ultimate Guide to the World’s Best Duffel Bags According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word dates back to 1677, used to describe ‘a coarse woollen cloth having a thick nap or frieze’.The Duffel Bag: History, Style and Today In most of the 20th century, a duffel bag typically referred to a specific style of cylindrical, top-entry bag. During the latter part the term began to be applied to a generic hoop-handled, hard-bottomed fabric holdall more commonly known as a "gym bag". It is to this bag that additional features such as wheels, zippers, internal structure, and small organizing pockets are often added. See also * Duffel Blog, a satirical military website * Duffel coat * Hockey bag * Hold-all References External links * Category:Bags Category:Luggage de:Rucksack#Seesack "
"Love Hell or Right (Da Come Up) is an album by the hip hop producer DJ Mathematics, who is a DJ with Wu-Tang Clan. Completely mixed, arranged and produced by Mathematics himself, Love, Hell or Right was released August 26, 2003, on his own Quewisha Records label in conjunction with High Times Records, and it went on to sell 30,000 units. It was released in CD, vinyl and cassette tape formats. The title is a reference to the Nation of Gods and Earths's Supreme Alphabet, in which the letter "L" is seen to stand for "Love Hell or Right". Track listing :Note: Artists marked with an asterisk (*) are not affiliated with the Wu-Tang Clan. # "Love Hell or Right (Da Intro)" # "Pimpology 101" (Buddah Bless*) # "Thank U (Da DJ's Version)" (Method Man, Ghostface Killah and Angela Neal*) # "Message to a Blackman (Skit)" (Queen- Shatiyah*) # "Juscantluv" (Eyes Low*) # "Return of Da Cobra (Skit)" (Buddah Bless*) # "Hav Mercy" (Killa Sin and La the Darkman) # "Respect Mine" (Method Man, Raekwon and Cappadonna) # "Da Heist (Skit)" (Starking*, LEO*, Karim*, and Mouth*) # "Gangsta" (Logic*, Nemy*, Mad Man* and Eyes Low*) # "Da Great Siege" (RZA) # "Message from a Blackman (Skit)" # "Real Talk (Pop's Song)" (Pop Poppa Don*) # "Hip Hop 101" (Prodigal Sunn, H-Speed*, Born Justice, Shacronz and Allah Real) # "Queens Day '88" (Pop Poppa Don* and Eyes Low*) # "Alwayz N.Y." (Masta Killa, U-God, Inspectah Deck, Buddah Bless* and Icarus Da Don*) # "Gun Talk" (Street Life and Buddah Bless*) # "...On Da Radio (Skit)" (Ghostface Killah) #*Also produced by The RZA # "Pimp Party" (Almighty Infinite*, Eyes Low*, Boy Big* and Buddah Bless*) # "Outro" # "Da Way We Were" Category:Mathematics (producer) albums Category:2003 albums Category:Albums produced by Mathematics "