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"The Famine Stela, with some carved sections missing. The Famine Stela is an inscription written in Egyptian hieroglyphs located on Sehel Island in the Nile near Aswan in Egypt, which tells of a seven-year period of drought and famine during the reign of pharaoh Djoser of the Third Dynasty. It is thought that the stele was inscribed during the Ptolemaic Kingdom, which ruled from 332 to 31 BC. Description The Famine Stela was inscribed into a natural granite block whose surface was cut into the rectangular shape of a stela. The inscription is written in hieroglyphs and contains 42 columns. The top part of the stele depicts three Egyptian deities: Khnum, Satis and Anuket. In front of them, Djoser faces them, carrying offerings in his outstretched hands. A broad fissure, which already was there at the time of creating the stela, goes through the middle of the rock. Some sections of the stela are damaged, making a few passages of the text unreadable. The inscription The story told on the stela is set in the 18th year of the reign of Djoser. The text describes how the king is upset and worried as the land has been in the grip of a drought and famine for seven years, during which time the Nile has not flooded the farmlands. The text also describes how the Egyptians are suffering as a result of the drought and that they are desperate and breaking the laws of the land. Djoser asks the priest staff under the supervision of high lector priest Imhotep for help. The king wants to know where the god of the Nile, Hapi, is born, and which god resides at this place. Imhotep decides to investigate the archives of the temple ḥwt-Ibety (“House of the nets”), located at Hermopolis and dedicated to the god Thoth. He informs the king that the flooding of the Nile is controlled by the god Khnum at Elephantine from a sacred spring located on the island, where the god resides. Imhotep travels immediately to the location (). In the temple of Khnum, called “Joy of Life”, Imhotep purifies himself, prays to Khnum for help and offers “all good things” to him. Suddenly he falls asleep and in his dream Imhotep is greeted by the kindly looking Khnum. The god introduces himself to Imhotep by describing who and what he is and then describes his own divine powers. At the end of the dream Khnum promises to make the Nile flow again. Imhotep wakes up and writes down everything that took place in his dream. He then returns to Djoser to tell the king what has happened. The king is pleased with the news and issues a decree in which he orders priests, scribes and workers to restore Khnum´s temple and to once more make regular offerings to the god. In addition, Djoser issues a decree in which he grants the temple of Khnum at Elephantine the region between Aswan and Tachompso () with all its wealth, as well as a share of all the imports from Nubia.Miriam Lichtheim: Ancient Egyptian Literature: The Late Period. University of California Press, Berkeley 2006, , page 94-100. Dating of the inscription Since the initial translation and examination by French Egyptologist Paul Barguet in 1953, the Famine Stela has been of great interest to historians and Egyptologists. The language and layout used in the inscription suggests that the work can be dated to the Ptolemaic period, perhaps during the reign of king Ptolemy V (205 – 180 BC). Egyptologists such as Miriam Lichtheim and Werner Vycichl suggest that the local priests of Khnum created the text. The various religious groups in Egypt during Ptolemaic Dynasty jostled for power and influence, so the story of the Famine Stela could have been used as a means to legitimise the power of Khnum's priests over the region of Elephantine.P. Barguet: La stèle de la famine à Séhel. Institut français d´archaéologie orientale - Bibliothéque d´étude Paris, volume 34. Cairo 1953William W. Hallo & K. Lawson Younger: The Context of Scripture: Monumental inscriptions from the biblical world. Brill, Leiden 2002, , page 352–356.Werner Vycichl, Gábor Takács: Egyptian and Semito-Hamitic (Afro-Asiatic) studies: in memoriam W. Vycichl. Brill, Leiden 2004, , page 13–19. At the time of the first translation of the stela, it was thought that the story of a seven-year-famine was connected to the biblical story in Genesis 41, where a famine of seven years also occurs. More recent investigations have shown that a seven-year famine was a motif common to nearly all cultures of the Near East: a Mesopotamian legend also speaks of a seven-year-famine and in the well known Gilgamesh-Epos the god Anu gives a prophecy about a famine for seven years. Another Egyptian tale about a long- lasting drought appears in the so-called “Book of the Temple”, translated by German Demotist Joachim Friedrich Quack. The ancient text reports about king Neferkasokar (late 2nd dynasty), who faces a seven-year-famine during his reign.Joachim Friedrich Quack: Ein ägyptisches Handbuch des Tempels und seine griechische Übersetzung. In: Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik; vol. 119; Rudolf Habelt, Bonn 1997, page 297–300.C. H. Gordon: Before the Bible: The common background of Greek and Hebrew civilization; in: Orientalia, vol. 22; 1953, page 79–81.Shaul Bar: A letter that has not been read: dreams in the Hebrew Bible. Hebrew Union College Press, Michigan 2001, , page 58 & 59. The Famine Stela is one of only three known inscriptions that connect the cartouche name Djeser (“lordly”) with the serekh name Netjerikhet (“divine body”) of king Djoser in one word. Therefore, it provides useful evidence for Egyptologists and historians who are involved in reconstructing the royal chronology of the Old Kingdom of Egypt. References External links * Translation of the Famine Stela (english) * Joachim Friedrich Quack: Hungersnotstele. In: Michaela Bauks, Klaus Koenen, Stefan Alkier (Hrsg.): Das wissenschaftliche Bibellexikon im Internet (WiBiLex), Stuttgart 2006 ff. Category:Ancient Egyptian stelas Category:Famines in Africa Category:Third Dynasty of Egypt Category:Djoser Category:1st-millennium BC steles hr:Džozer#Stela gladi "
"KAIS may refer to: * KAIS International School * KYKL (FM), a radio station (90.7 FM) licensed to serve Tracy, California, United States, which held the call sign KAIS from 2010 to 2016 * KAKI (FM), a radio station (88.1 FM) licensed to serve Juneau, Alaska, United States, which held the call sign KAIS from 2008 to 2010 See also * Kais (disambiguation) "
"Cost estimation in software engineering is typically concerned with the financial spend on the effort to develop and test the software, this can also include requirements review, maintenance, training, managing and buying extra equipment, servers and software. Many methods have been developed for estimating software costs for a given project. Methods Methods for estimation in software engineering include these principles: *Analysis effort method *Parametric Estimating *The Planning Game (from Extreme Programming) *ITK method, also known as Method CETIN *Proxy-based estimating (PROBE) (from the Personal Software Process) *Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) *Putnam_model, also known as SLIM *PRICE Systems Founders of Commercial Parametric models that estimates the scope, cost, effort and schedule for software projects. *SEER-SEM Parametric Estimation of Effort, Schedule, Cost, Risk. Minimum time and staffing concepts based on Brooks's law *The Use Case Points method (UCP) *Weighted Micro Function Points (WMFP) *Wideband Delphi Most cost software development estimation techniques involve estimating or measuring software size first and then applying some knowledge of historical of cost per unit of size. Software size is typically sized in SLOC, Function Point or Agile story points. See also * Software development effort estimation * Software metric * Project management * Cost overrun * Risk * Comparison of development estimation software External links * Software Estimation chapter from O'Reilly, Applied Software Project Management * Estimating With Use Case Points from Methods & Tools * Definition of Use Case Points method (UCP) * Roy K. Clemmons, Project Estimation With Use Case Points * Estimating techniques throughout the SDLC * COCOMO™ II * "