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"The New Westminster Land District is one of 59 land districts of British Columbia, Canada, which are the underlying cadastral divisions of that province, created with rest of those on Mainland British Columbia via the Lands Act of the Colony of British Columbia in 1860. The British Columbia government's BC Names system, a subdivision of GeoBC, defines a land district as "a territorial division with legally defined boundaries for administrative purposes" BC Names/Geo BC entry "New Westminster Land District" All land titles and surveys use the Land District system as the primary point of reference, and entries in BC Names for placenames and geographical objects are so listed. Description This land district is named for the city of New Westminster, which at the time of its creation was the capital of the Mainland Colony. Greater Vancouver, the Fraser Valley, the Sunshine Coast and the Highway 99 corridor up to and including the Resort Municipality of Whistler, are all within this land district, as well as Savary, Raza, and East and West Redonda Islands. Also included are the settlements of Skookumchuck Hot Springs (Skatin) and Port Douglas on the lower Lillooet River, Long Island, which is a large island in the middle or Harrison Lake, and the Village of Harrison Hot Springs, the western half of the District of Kent, and almost all of City of Chilliwack. To the north of the New Westminster Land District are Range 1 Coast Land District and the Lillooet Land District, to its east is the Yale Division Yale Land District and for the small portion of its boundary within the Lillooet Ranges, the Kamloops Division Yale Land District. =Boundary= The land district's southern boundary lies along part of the international boundary between BC Canada and the US state of Washington. The western end of the land district's southern boundary meets the centre of the Strait of Georgia where it turns along the midline until it diverges to follow Malaspina Strait, bypasses Texada Island which has its own separate land district, then rejoins the midline of the Strait of Georgia approximately midway between Comox and Powell River to a point south of Hernando Island, then traversing the mouth of Desolation Sound following Calm Channel between Cortes Island to the west and West Redonda and Raza Islands to Pryce Channel, then following that channel and Homfray Channel to 51 degree 14 minutes north, from whence it proceeds eastward, other than two small variances around certain land parcels in the area of Homfray Channel and the Soo River, to the summit of the Garibaldi Ranges just south of Mount Currie to a point southwest of In-SHUCK- ch Mountain (Gunsight Peak), then eastward via roughly 50 degrees 7 minutes north latitude to the divide of the Lillooet Ranges, following that for a short distance, then south via an irregular line to Harrison Lake, meeting that lake's shoreline northwest of the mouth of Big Silver Creek (aka Big Silver River) and following the lake south so as to include Long Island but exclude Echo Island. Upon reaching the foot of Harrison Lake, the boundary of the land district proceeds southward so as to include the Village of Harrison Hot Springs and to bisect the District of Kent, excluding the town of Agassiz, roughly along 121 degree 17 minutes west longitude, to a point east of Rosedale to roughly 49 degrees 11 minutes north latitude, west a short distance to 121 degrees 47 minutes 38 seconds west longitude to roughly 49 degrees 10 minutes 32 seconds north latitude, east along that line which corresponds to Nevin Road to 121 degrees 9 minutes 7 second west and following that line south to 49 degrees 9 minutes 40 seconds north latitude, where it goes a short distance west to roughly 121 degrees 47 minutes 25 seconds west longitude, then south along that line to meet the eastern end of the land district boundary that lies along part of the international boundary.British Columbia Online Cadastre To use this system to view Land District boundaries, pan or zoom to the approximate location, or use [Find Location tab] to pick a Land District by name. Open [Layers] tab along dark blue navigation bar, then open the Administrative Boundaries folder and select “Land Districts (outlined)”, also click “pointer” (will highlight turquoise). To substantially speed up refresh time, deselect Survey Parcels, cadastral fabric (etc) that might be part of the default suite; to remove the distracting map grid, open the Base Map folder and deselect "Grids". Whenever you make a change to the base, scroll to bottom of folders list and [Refresh Map] or select [Automatically Refresh Map] Political geography The Land District corresponds to the original Westminster riding for the British Columbia Legislature. See also *List of Land Districts of British Columbia References Category:Land districts of British Columbia "
"GD 1 deposit region excavated in 2003/2004 Gondolin Cave is a fossiliferous dolomitic paleocave system in the Northwest Province, South Africa. The paleocave formed in the Eccles Formation dolomites (Malmani Subgroup, Chuniespoort Group carbonate-banded iron formation marine platform). Gondolin is currently the only described hominin-bearing fossil site in the Northwest Province-portion of the designated Cradle of Humankind UNESCO World Heritage Site. The cave is located on privately owned land and is not accessible to the public. As is the case with other South African Paleo-cave systems with Pliocene and/or Pleistocene fossil deposits, the system was mined for lime during the early 20th century. As a result, the system has been heavily disturbed and consists of only a small active cave, a series of in situ remnant cave deposits, and extensive dumpsites of ex situ calcified sediments produced during mining activities. Site history and excavations No records of the date of lime mining activities at Gondolin, maps or photographs of the cave prior to mining are known to exist. Long-term residents near Gondolin report that the system was mined prior to the 1950s. The cave was named after J.R.R. Tolkien's Gondolin by the early 1970s. Transvaal Museum Bulletin, Issues 10-22 (1971). Exposed fossils in the cave system were noted at least as early as the 1970s and brought to the attention of Elisabeth Vrba and David Panagos at the (then) Transvaal Museum (now the Ditsong National Museum of Natural History), who initiated excavations in early 1979. The first phase of excavation addressed the extremely fossiliferous in situ remnant deposits adhering to the northern wall of the cave system (the GD 2 deposits sensu). The three-week 1979 excavation removed approximately of calcified sediments from the northern cave wall. While two distinct sediment phases were recognized during the original excavation, later work with the fossil fauna and geology of the GD 2 deposits did not find any basis for multiple depositional phases within the sampled sequence. The removed sediment blocks were organised into 43 blocks/trays and processed using acetic acid at the Transvaal Museum. A significant gap in research at Gondolin occurred in the 1980s, during which time all of the excavated blocks were processed (but no further in situ or ex situ sampling is known to have occurred). The first description of the result fossil assemblage in 1993 only partially described 4,344 individual specimens that could be assigned to a specific taxonomic levels (out of the 90,663 total specimens recovered from acetic acid processing of the 43 trays/blocks). In 1997 a survey of the sediments at Gondolin included the first sampling of the extensive ex situ dumpsite deposits at the locality via a test trench (Trench A). Materials removed from Trench A included fossiliferous breccia blocks from most, if not all, of the stratigraphic units present at the site (as well as loose fossil specimens sifted from decalcified sediments). From this sampled material (the GD A faunal assemblage), two isolated hominin teeth (representing two different individuals) were recovered. The first, GA 1, is a worn and fractured left molar that has not been confidently attributed to either genus or species (but resembles Homo in some features. In contrast, GA 2 is a complete left m2 that has been recently analysed and attributed to Paranthropus robustus (if from a large individual). The most recent excavations at Gondolin were undertaken in 2003 and 2004 to explore the largely decalcified GD 1 deposits along the northwestern rim of the Gondolin locality. A four-week excavation season produced a sample of 4,863 fossil specimens from approximately of soil overburden and naturally decalcified sediments that were screened with 1mm mesh. Critically, integration of taphonomic and geologic data from the GD 1 excavations indicated that fundamentally different processes of fossil record formation were occurring at Gondolin during the formation of the GD 1 and GD 2 fossil assemblages. This result highlighted the complex, heterogenous geologic processes that can influence fossil deposition and assemblage composition in South African cave systems during the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene. Fossil fauna The original description of fossil specimens from the GD 2 deposits only addressed a small portion of the assemblage. A single hominin tooth that was originally thought to have been derived from the GD 2 sampling was later determined to be an intrusive modern Homo tooth. A comprehensive reanalysis of the Gondolin GD 2 assemblage undertaken from 2002 to 2004 led to the identification of 95,549 total individual specimens (in contrast to the 90,663 specimens originally noted in 1993), of which 16,477 are identifiable craniodental (3,484) or postcranial (12,993) specimens; with the remaining 79,076 specimens being unidentifiable (primarily long bone diaphysis) fragments. The assemblage composition described from this reanalysis differs in key respects from that of the initial 1993 description, including significant shifts in the specimen counts attributed to individual taxonomic categories (both numbers of individual specimens and minimum numbers of individuals) and the removal of several species (Hippopotamus sp., Antidorcas australis/marsupialis, Procavia transvaalensis). The revised description of the GD 2 assemblage also reinforced several unique features of the collection compared to other South African late Pliocene and Pleistocene: * The numerical dominance of two rarely encountered antelope species - klipspringer (Oreotragus oreotragus) and a species of reduncin (Redunca sp.) similar to the extant mountain reedbuck (Redunca fulvorufula). * The first described occurrence of the extinct porcupine (Hystrix makapanensis) from an assemblage other than the Makapansgat Member 3 deposits (including the first postcrania attributed to the species). * The first comprehensive taphonomic analysis of a South African early Pleistocene assemblage solely derived from in situ deposits. * A robust sample of directly associated cranial and postcranial remains for many fossil species, including several groupings of articulated fossils. * The recovery of fragile elements including hyoids and fetal/neonatal remains. * The absence of any identificable primate remains within the assemblage. Age of the deposits The Gondolin Palaeo-cave deposits have been dated using a combination of biostratigraphy and palaeomagnetism which indicate an age of around 1.8 million years. References =Notes= =Citations= =Sources= * *. * * Category:Pleistocene paleontological sites of Africa Category:Caves of South Africa "
"Ancient Utharam Srambia at Ettammal Ettammal is a small village located at Puthiyangadi, a coastal area of Madayi Pannjayath in Kannur District. Transportation The national highway passes through Taliparamba town. Goa and Mumbai can be accessed on the northern side and Cochin and Thiruvananthapuram can be accessed on the southern side. The road to the east of Iritty connects to Mysore and Bangalore. The nearest railway station is Pazhayangadi on Mangalore-Palakkad line. Trains are available to almost all parts of India subject to advance booking over the internet. There are airports at Mangalore and Calicut. Both of them are international airports but direct flights are available only to Middle Eastern countries. References Category:Villages near Kannapuram "