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"Beanpods and leaf details of the northern catalpa Catalpa, commonly called catalpa or catawba, is a genus of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae, native to warm temperate and subtropical regions of North America, the Caribbean, and East Asia. Description Most Catalpa are deciduous trees; they typically grow to tall, with branches spreading to a diameter of about . They are fast growers and a 10-year-old sapling may stand about tall. They have characteristic large, heart-shaped leaves, which in some species are three-lobed. The appearance of the leaves sometimes causes confusion with species such as the unrelated tung tree (Vernicia fordii) and Paulownia tomentosa. Catalpa species bear broad panicles of showy flowers, generally in summer. The flower colour generally is white to yellow. In late summer or autumn the fruit appear; they are siliques about long, full of small flat seeds, each with two thin wings to aid in wind dispersal. The large leaves and dense foliage of Catalpa species provide good shelter from rain and wind, making the trees an attractive habitat for many species of birds. They do not present many threats of falling limbs, but the dark-brown fruit husks that they drop in late summer may be a nuisance. Though Catalpa wood is quite soft, it is popular for turning and for furniture when well seasoned, being attractive, stable and easy to work. Most catalpas begin flowering after roughly three years, and produce fruit after about five years, although Haitian catalpa (Catalpa longissima) can flower after six months growth from seed and produce seed after 18 months.F. T. Bonner Species The two North American species, Catalpa bignonioides (southern catalpa) and Catalpa speciosa (northern catalpa), have been widely planted outside their natural ranges as ornamental trees for their showy flowers and attractive shape, or growing habit. Northern and southern catalpas are very similar in appearance, but the northern species has slightly larger leaves, flowers, and bean pods. Flowering starts after 275 growing degree days. Catalpa ovata from China, with pale yellow flowers, is also planted outside its natural range for ornamental purposes. This allowed C. bignonioides and C. ovata to hybridize, with the resultant Catalpa × erubescens also becoming a cultivated ornamental. = List of selected species = Sources: * Catalpa bignonioides – southern catalpa * Catalpa brevipes * Catalpa bungei – Manchurian catalpa * Catalpa cassinoides * Catalpa communis * Catalpa cordifolia * Catalpa denticulata * Catalpa domingensis * Catalpa duclouxii * Catalpa ekmaniana * Catalpa henryi * Catalpa heterophylla * Catalpa himalayensis * Catalpa hirsuta * Catalpa kaempferi * Catalpa longisiliqua * Catalpa longissima – Haitian catalpa * Catalpa macrocarpa * Catalpa microphylla * Catalpa nana * Catalpa oblongata * Catalpa obovata * Catalpa ovata – Chinese catalpa, yellow catalpa * Catalpa pottsii * Catalpa pubescens * Catalpa pumila * Catalpa punctata * Catalpa purpurea * Catalpa silvestrii * Catalpa speciosa – northern catalpa * Catalpa sutchuensis * Catalpa ternifolia * Catalpa thunbergii * Catalpa tibetica * Catalpa umbraculifera * Catalpa vestita * Catalpa wallichiana Etymology The name derives from the Muscogee name for the tree, "kutuhlpa" meaning "winged head" and is unrelated to the name of the Catawba people.Gerard, William R. Plant names of Indian origin_II. Garden and Forest. volume 9, no. 436. page 262. (1896).Cassidy, Fred. Lemmatization—The case of "Catalpa". in McIntosh, Language Form and Linguistic Variation: Papers Dedicated to Angus McIntosh. Amsterdam : Benjamins, 1982. Current issues in linguistic theory, 15. The spellings "Catalpa" and "Catalpah" were used by Mark Catesby between 1729 and 1732, and Carl Linnaeus published the tree's name as Bignonia catalpa in 1753.Catesby, Mark.The natural history of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands. volume 1. page and plate 49. Linne, Carolus von Linne. Species Plantarum. 1st edition. 1753. volume 2. page 622 Giovanni Antonio Scopoli established the genus Catalpa in 1777. The bean-like seed pod is the origin of the alternative vernacular names Indian bean tree and cigar tree for Catalpa bignonioides and Catalpa speciosa, respectively. The catalpa tree in Reading, Berkshire, England Food source The tree is the sole source of food for the catalpa sphinx moth (Ceratomia catalpae), the leaves being eaten by the caterpillars. When caterpillars are numerous, infested trees may be completely defoliated. Defoliated catalpas produce new leaves readily, but with multiple generations occurring, new foliage may be consumed by subsequent broods. Severe defoliation over several consecutive years can cause death of trees. Because the caterpillars are an excellent live bait for fishing, some dedicated anglers plant catalpa mini-orchards for their own private source of "catawba-worms", particularly in the southern states.Hyche, L. L., "The Catalpa Sphinx" Department of Entomology Auburn University, http://www.ag.auburn.edu/enpl/bulletins/catalpasphinx/catalpasphinx.htm Retrieved on 2009, 05-16. Autumn foliage Other uses Catalpa is also occasionally used as a tonewood in guitars. References External links *Catalpa speciosa images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu Category:Bignoniaceae genera "
"The Artic circle in Finland, 1975. The Arctic circle in Norway at Saltfjellet mountain plateau in July 2003. Relationship between Earth's axial tilt (ε) to the tropical and polar circles A polar circle is a geographic term for a conditional circular line (arc) referring either to the Arctic Circle or the Antarctic Circle. It is one of major circles of latitude (parallels). On Earth, the Arctic Circle is located at a latitude of N, and the Antarctic Circle is located at a latitude of S.Obliquity of the ecliptic Polar circles are associated with polar regions of Earth which are usually sparsely settled due to their climate environment such as Antarctica (formerly terra Australis). Areas inside each polar circle and its associated pole (North Pole or South Pole), known geographically as the frigid zones, would theoretically experience at least one 24-hour period when the center of the sun is continuously above the horizon and at least one 24-hour period when the center of the sun is continuously below the horizon annually. However, due to atmospheric refraction and the Sun being an extended object rather than a point source, the continuous daylight area is somewhat extended while the continuous darkness area is somewhat reduced. The latitude of the polar circles is 90 degrees minus the axial tilt of the Earth's axis of daily rotation relative to the ecliptic, the plane of the Earth's orbit. This tilt varies slightly, a phenomenon described as nutation. Therefore, the latitudes noted above are calculated by averaging values of tilt observed over many years. The axial tilt also exhibits long-term variations as described in the reference article (a difference of 1 second of arc in the tilt is equivalent to change of about 31 metres north or south in the positions of the polar circles on the Earth's surface). File:Arctic circle.svgThe north polar circle on a polar projection. World map with polar circles.svgThe polar circle as lines on a modified cylindrical projection. Common misconceptions about the polar circles * The Polar night (at the Winter Solstice) does not reach as far equatorially as the polar circle, but some 80-100 km toward the pole of this circle. * Likewise, the Polar day (at the Summer Solstice) reaches more polarly than the polar circle, by some 80-100 km. Swedish Astronomic calendar 2003 (or any other year) at the times of the winter and summer solstices , around 22.June and 22.December The main reason for this is that the sun rays bend in the atmosphere of planet Earth; this phenomenon is easier to see at high latitudes. See also * Antarctica * Antarctic Circle * Arctic * Arctic Circle * Frigid zones * Polar climate * Polar day and Polar night * Polar region Notes Category:Circles of latitude "
"Eid or EID may refer to: Islamic holidays An Eid is a Muslim religious festival: * Eid al-Fitr ( ', "Feast of Breaking the Fast"), marks the end of the month of Ramadan * Eid al-Adha ( ', "Feast of the Sacrifice"), falls on the 10th day of Dhu al-Hijjah and lasts for four days until the 13th day In addition, Shia Muslims may observe: * Eid al-Ghadir, an Eid for Shia Muslims which marks the nomination of Ali, Mohammed's cousin, as the successor of Mohammed * Eid al-Mubahila, an Eid for Shia Muslims which marks the success of Muslims in a peaceful debate with the Christians of the time * Eid-e-Shuja', an Eid for Shia Muslims which marks the end of the mourning period after the events of Karbala Places =Norway= * Eid, Norway, a former municipality in Sogn og Fjordane county * Eid, Hordaland, a former municipality in Hordaland county * Eid, Møre og Romsdal, a former municipality in Møre og Romsdal county =Scotland= * Eid, the Shetland dialect name for Aith, Shetland Science and technology * Ecological interface design, a framework for designing complex sociotechnical, real-time, and dynamic systems * Electronic identification (eID), digital systems used for proof of identity * Emerging infectious disease, an increasingly prevalent infectious disease * Emotional instability disorder, a psychological condition formerly known as borderline personality disorder See also * Mawlid or Eid Milad an-Nabi, ( ', "Festival of the Birth of the Prophet"), one of several names for Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam * Ed (disambiguation) * Ede (disambiguation) * EED (disambiguation) * Eid prayers, the special prayer offered in both Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha * Eide (disambiguation) * Ide (disambiguation) "